It is well known that neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1) is uncommonly associated with pheochromocytoma development and also, to a larger extent, with gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs). We herein document three cases with the rare condition of NF1 coexisting with GIST and pheochromocytoma, while one of them also has a composite tumor and another has papillary thyroid carcinoma.

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Congenital heart defects with right-to-left shunt are one of the hypoxia-related causes of acquired secondary polycythemia (SP). Tetralogy of Fallot (ToF) is the most common congenital cyanotic heart disease in children. Cases of uncorrected ToF in adult ages are rare. This paper reports a woman detected with elevated hemoglobin level during routine tests performed for infertility therapy and subsequently diagnosed SP with related ToF.

Tuberculosis is a problem to public health, especially in developing countries. However, involvement of the thyroid gland is rare. Herein, a 53-yearold woman with complaint of painless swelling on the right side of her neck is presented. Nodular goiter was detected in addition to multiple lymphadenopathies on the right cervical region. Tuberculosis was diagnosed based on histological findings in both the thyroid gland and cervical lymph nodes contrary to our expectation which was thyroid carcinoma.

The aim of this study was to evaluate glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) levels, lipid parameters, thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), c peptide and glycated hemoglobin (A1C) values in pregnant women at high-risk for gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). Material and Method: In this cross-sectional study, we included pregnant women at high-risk for GDM who attended the endocrinology and metabolic diseases outpatient clinics at İzmir Katip Çelebi University Atatürk Training and Research Hospital between January 2013 and April 2013. Twenty pregnant women with GDM and eleven without GDM participated in the study. The dependent variable in the study was GDM that was evaluated by 75 mg oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT). Independent variables were the levels of glucose, A1C, insulin, c-peptide, GLP-1, TSH, and lipid parameters, all evaluated in fasting blood samples. Besides, glucose, insulin, c-peptide, GLP-1 levels during OGTT were also evaluated in blood samples collected at 60 and 120 minutes. Results: While fasting insulin levels were statistically significantly higher among women with GDM, there was no statistically significant difference in the levels at 60 and 120 minutes between the two groups. There was no significant difference in fasting c-peptide levels and c-peptide levels at 60 minutes during OGTT between the two groups, however, c-peptide levels at 120 minutes were higher in women with GDM. The women with GDM was found to have lower fasting GLP-1 levels than women without GDM. Although it was not significant, GLP-1 levels at 60 and 120 minutes were also lower among women with GDM. Discussion: A decrease in GLP-1 levels may have a role in the etiopathogenesis of GDM and type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Aim of the studyThyroid carcinoma is the most common malignancy of endocrine organs. The prognosis varies. Factors such as age, sex, size of the tumor, stage of disease, presence of extrathyroidal spread, and completeness of resection have been found to significantly influence prognosis. We aimed to evaluate clinical features of our patients with thyroid carcinoma, prospectively.Material and methodsWe evaluated total 178 patients treated between 2010 and 2011 at the Department of Endocrinology, İzmir Atatürk Training Hospital, retrospectively. Data on patients, tumors, and therapeutic approaches were collected. All results are shown as mean ± standard deviation (SD). P values were based on two-sided tests with a cutoff for statistical significance of 0.05 and 95% confidence interval.ResultsThere were no differences between female and male patients according to histopathological subtypes, demographic data and prognostic findings of thyroid cancer. The assessment of tumor size and other prognostic factors revealed that there was a correlation between tumor size and capsular and/or vascular invasion. In the postoperative evaluation we detected a correlation between metastases and vascular invasion and/or capsular invasion but there was no significant relation between focus (solitary/multifocal) and metastases.ConclusionThere was no significant difference in terms of gender and age (< 45 years of age and ≥ 45 years of age) among the patient groups (low risk/intermediate risk/high risk). By multiple regression analysis among metastasis and prognostic factors it was observed that vascular invasion and thyroglobulin levels affect development of metastases.

Although it is an infrequent condition due to autosomal recessive transmission, consanguineous marriage may increase the risk of emergence of BBS. Genetic counseling is a very important issue in the family of patients with BBS, in order to prevent new cases.

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