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This study was carried out to determine the technical and economic efficiency levels of laying hen farms and factors affecting the efficiency scores. For this purpose, a personal interview was carried out. Technical and economic data of 39 laying hen farms consisting their inputs and outputs over the period 2013-2015 was formed the material of this study. Efficiency levels were estimated by using Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA).Mean technical efficiency score of the enterprises were determined as 98.6%. Also 48.7% of the enterprises were determined fully technical efficient. On the other hand, mean economic efficiency of the enterprises was determined as 88.8%, while only 17.9% of the enterprises were fully economic efficient. In order to determine the factors affecting efficiency scores, Tobit regression analysis was performed. According to the analysis results, chick mortality rate, hen mortality rate and feed conversion ratio had negative effects on technical efficiency scores, while education level of the farmer and capacity utilization ratio had positive effects. Egg cost, chick mortality rate, feed conversion rate and production length had negative effect while egg yield had positive effect on economic efficiency. As a result, enterprises would increase their technical and economic efficiency scores by decreasing the mortality rate, feed conversion rate, production length. Furthermore, increasing capacity utilization ratio, education level of the owner and egg yield/ hen would help to increase efficiency levels of the farms.

Inherited diseases are caused by recessive alleles proceed from increased inbreeding in Holstein cattle population. Bovine leucocyte adhesion deficiency (BLAD), deficiency of uridine monophosphate synthase enzyme (DUMPS), complex vertebral malformation (CVM), factor XI deficiency (FXID) and bovine citrulinaemia (BC) are the most frequent inherited diseases in Holstein cattle population. The prevalence for carriers of BLAD, DUMPS, CVM, FXID and BC diseases were reported highest in Denmark (21.5%), USA (1.2%), Japan (32.5%), Turkey (18%) and Australia (13%) respectively. Moreover the highest prevalence for carriers of BLAD, CVM and FXID were reported as 2.2%, 3.4% and 18% respectively in Turkey so far. Neither DUMPS nor BC carriers were identified in Turkey so far. However further studies are required in order to identify the provinces that have risks for mutant alleles of inherited diseases in Turkey. Determining the carrier animals and exclude them from breeding is the only solution for eradication studies of inherited diseases.

In this study, it was studied that viability in preweaning period and growth performance in the period from birth to 8 months of age of Hair kids (Anatolian Black Goat

Melatonin receptor 1A (MTNR1A) gene encodes melatonin hormone which regulates the function of seasonal reproductive activity in sheep. The aim of this study was to make the genetic characterization and identify the variant alleles of MTNR1A gene in Kıvırcık breed. Blood samples of 110 Kıvırcık sheep were collected from five different farms located in Kırklareli and Istanbul. DNA extraction was performed from blood samples. Exon 2, the polymorphic region of Melatonin receptor 1A gene, was amplified and PCR products were genotyped by using MnlI and RsaI enzymes.

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SummaryThis study was conducted to determine the effects of sex and age on meat quality characteristics of Turkish native geese raised under a free-range system. The range of least squares means for age and sex subgroups in terms of ultimate pH, water holding capacity (WHC), drip loss (DL), cooking loss (CL) and Warner-Bratzler shear force (SF) were 5. 74-5.88, 8.99-9.69%, 3.36-3.63%, 27.67-29.97% and 3.15-3.38 kg/cm2, respectively. Least squares means for colour characteristics of breast skin were 61.97-62.60 for lightness (L*), 5.11-5.84 for redness (a*) and 11.18-12.26 for yellowness (b*) according to age and sex groups. Colour variables of breast meat were 40.15-40.59 for L*, 12.30-13.61 for a* and 0.83-1.16 for b* parameters. While the effect of age on breast meat quality characteristics were not significant (P>0.05), sex affected on ultimate pH and a* parameter significantly (P<0.05). Least squares means for age and sex subgroups in terms of ultimate pH, WHC and DL of thigh meat were 5.96-6.04, 5.97-6.90% and 2.51-2.68%, respectively. L*, a* and b* values for thigh skin were 62. 57-63.16, 4.25-4.83 and 7.67-9.43, and also were 43.72-44.20, 9.79-10.38 and 0.84-1.23 for thigh meat. The effect of sex on yellowness of thigh skin was significant (P<0.05), but both sex and age did not affect on meat quality characteristics of thigh meat (P>0.05). Keywords: Geese, Free-range, Meat quality, Age, Sex Serbest Çiftlik Koşullarında Yetiştirilen Türk Yerli Kazlarında Cinsiyet ve Yaşın Et Kalitesi Üzerine Etkisi ÖzetBu çalışma, serbest çiftlik koşullarında yetiştirilen kazların et kalitesi üzerine cinsiyet ve yaşın etkisini belirlemek amacıyla yapılmıştır. Et kalite özelliklerinden final pH, su tutma kapasitesi (WHC), pasif su kaybı (DL), pişirme kayıbı (CL) ve kesme gücü (SF) için minimum kareler ortalamaları farklı cinsiyet ve yaş alt gruplarında 5. 74-5.88, %8.99-9.69, %3.36-3.63, %27.67-29.97 ve 3.15-3.38 kg/cm2 düzeyinde belirlenmiştir. Göğüs derisi için renk özellikleri parlaklık (L*), kırmızılık koordinatı (a*) ve sarı koordinatı (b*) ortalamaları ise sırasıyla 61.97-62.60, 5.11-5.84 ve 11.18-12.26 olarak belirlenmiştir. Göğüs eti için L* parametresi 40.15-40.59, a* parametresi 12.30-13.61 ve b* parametresi 0.83-1.16 olarak belirlenmiştir. Göğüs etinin incelenen kalite özellikleri üzerine yaşın etkisi önemsiz bulunurken, cinsiyetin sadece pH ve a* üzerine etkisi önemli (P<0.05) bulunmuştur. But eti için final pH, WHC ve DL ortalamaları farklı yaş ve cinsiyet alt gruplarında sırasıyla 5.96-6.04, %5.97-6.90 ve %2.51-2.68 aralığında belirlenmiştir. But derisi için L*, a* ve b* ortalamaları ise sırasıyla 62. 57-63.16, 4.25-4.83 ve 7.67-9.43 düzeyinde ve aynı özellikler but eti için 43.72-44.20, 9.79-10.38 ve 0.84-1.23 düzeyinde belirlenmiştir. But derisi kalite özelliklerinden b* üzerine cinsiyetin etkisi önemli (P<0.05) bulunmuş, ancak diğer özellikler üzerine cinsiyet ve yaşın önemli bir etkisi bulunmamıştır.

This study was conducted to investigate the reproductive performance, milk yield, hair production, fleece characteristics and body weight after shearing of Hair goats (Anatolian Black Goats), bred under extensive conditions in Turkey. The material of the study was formed a total data of 456 Hair goats, which were between 2 and 7 years of age bred in the period of two years. Conception rate, infertility rate, abortion rate, kidding rate, single birth rate, twin birth rate, the percentage of kids born according to mated does and litter size were 97.81 %, 2.19 %, 3.59 %, 94.30 %, 97.91 %, 2.09 %, 96.27 % and 1.02, respectively. Lactation length, milk yield in lactation period, milking period and milk yield in milking period of goats were determined as 232.29 days, 100.92 kg, 132.09 days and 43.14 kg, respectively. Hair production, fibre diameter and staple length of Hair goats in the study were determined as 381.00 g, 76.70 micrones and 13.63 cm, respectively. It was found that the effects of production year and farm on the reproductive traits given by percentage weren't statistically significant, whereas the difference among production years for litter size was significant. It was found that the effect of production year on milk production traits except for lactation length and on the hair production; the effect of farm factor on the hair production, staple length and live weigth after shearing; the effect of age on the milk production traits, hair production traits and live weight after shearing; the effect of live weight on the hair production were statistically significant (p<0.05).Keywords: Hair goat, reproductive performance, milk yield, hair yield Zusammenfassung Titel der Arbeit: Leistungen einheimischer Haarziegen, gehalten unter extensiven Bedingungen in der Türkei. 1. Mitteilung: Reproduktionsleistungen, Milch-und Haarertrag In vorliegender Studie werden die Fortpflanzungsleistungen, die Milch und Haarerträge sowie Vlieseigenschaften und Körpergewichte nach der Schur von Haarziegen, die unter extensiven Bedingungen in der Türkei gehalten wurden, untersucht. Die Daten umfassen die zweijährigen Ergebnisse von 456 zwei bis sieben Jahre alten Geißen. Erfasst wurden die Trächtigkeits-, Unfruchtbarkeits-, Aufzucht-, Einlings-und die Zwillingsrate sowie der Anteil geborener Kitze je Geiß. Die Durchschnittswerte in % dieser Reihenfolge betrugen 97,81, 2,19, 3,59, 94,30, 97,91, 2,09, 96,27