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The use of fossil fuels has contributed to climate change and global warming, which has led to a growing need for renewable and ecologically friendly alternatives to these. It is accepted that renewable energy sources are the ideal option to substitute fossil fuels in the near future. Significant progress has been made to produce renewable energy sources with acceptable prices at a commercial scale, such as solar, wind, and biomass energies. This success has been due to technological advances that can use renewable energy sources effectively at lower prices. More work is needed to maximize the capacity of renewable energy sources with a focus on their dispatchability, where the function of storage is considered crucial. Furthermore, hybrid renewable energy systems are needed with good energy management to balance the various renewable energy sources’ production/consumption/storage. This work covers the progress done in the main renewable energy sources at a commercial scale, including solar, wind, biomass, and hybrid renewable energy sources. Moreover, energy management between the various renewable energy sources and storage systems is discussed. Finally, this work discusses the recent progress in green hydrogen production and fuel cells that could pave the way for commercial usage of renewable energy in a wide range of applications.

Adsorption cooling is a promising technology that can effectively utilise waste heat from many industrial processes for refrigeration and air conditioning. The choice of the adsorbent in this technology is vital to produce efficient and compact systems. Metal organic frameworks are new microporous materials with exceptionally high porosity and large surface area that can be used as adsorbents. This article experimentally investigates the characteristics of seven metal organic frameworks in terms of water adsorptivity compared to silica gel RD-2060. The adsorption characteristics were determined using an advanced gravimetric dynamic vapour sorption test facility. Results revealed that HKUST-1produced the highest water adsorption uptake with up to 95.7% increase compared to silica gel RD-2060 but showed deterioration in water adsorptivity with time. Throughout the temperature range tested, Fe-BTC has shown little hysteresis and produced up to 26.8% higher maximum water uptake value than silica gel RD-2060. These results highlight the potential of using certain metal organic frameworks materials to improve the efficiency of adsorption cooling systems; however, the thermal instability of some metal organic frameworks remains an issue that needs to be resolved.

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