Value Engineering is an analytical study of a specific method. Its processes are conducted by a multidisciplinary working groups in order to come out with a certain product, design, project, or service, with the aim of identifying and classifying functions performed by that product, project, or service. All that is for the purpose of the betterment of the execution of those functions, or the reduction of the total cost, or both, through the search for innovative alternatives without compromising the basic requirements, on the bases of the principles of functional budget between the three elements of production; performance, quality and cost, Cooper, R. et al (1997). This methodology has proved highly efficient in solving problems based on its ability of functional analysis, and makes the best investment out of the available resources in a way that does not affect the purpose or function of the project, besides that it rapidly helps in giving results and proposals. All what mentioned above makes Value Engineering to be able to improve the tasks and actions, and the generation of creative ideas, and upgrading products or projects, as well as increasing its functional and aesthetical aspects. This improvement relies on a work methodology or a roadmap, where such approach boots its performance and productivity development based on the idea of combining the targeted investigation productivity and the savings in costs without compromising quality and basic functions expected by customers and producers on the other hand. The qualitative upgrading of projects and services is possible and available, that could be achieved by raising its value by improvement and development, while reducing their total cost, without affecting the necessary requirements and needs, and the optimal exploitation of resources is as well increasingly demanded day after day, since they are mostly considered as depleted resources. For the application of Value Engineering production processes, the execution of projects and other aspects Value Engineering urgently demands the survival in a severe global competition. In areas related to the applications of architecture, the achievement of quality is not only limited to design processes, construction and the trial of transforming the design into reality. With respect to the quality of equipment and materials employment the achievement of quality extends to include all of the above in addition to trying to achieve quality through the way the building is used and the quality of the method of operation and maintenance. hence the significance of Value Engineering in achieving a comprehensive quality through the stages of design and execution, as well as the achievement of that during the operation phase, an issue which the study is aiming to explain, Donald E. Parker,(1998).
The implementation of green buildings is widely regarded as a primary solution for optimizing fuel consumption in the construction and housing sector. Through an examination of relevant research literature, the most prominent hindrances to the implementation and proliferation of green buildings in Saudi Arabia were identified. Furthermore, the present study employed the Fuzzy Decision-making Trial and Evaluation Laboratory (FDEMATE) to prioritize the aforementioned obstacles via the Fuzzy Analytic Network Process (FANP), while the Decision Super model was utilized. The findings indicate that the primary criteria section identified marketing barriers as the most significant obstacle, with a weight of 0.213, followed by risk and cost barriers with a weight of 0.207, knowledge and information barriers with a weight of 0.195, government-related barriers with a weight of 0.193 and human resources barriers with a weight of 0.192, respectively, ranked from first to fifth. According to the study's analysis, marketing obstacles carried the most weight, followed by risk and cost obstacles, government obstacles, knowledge and information obstacles and resources obstacles. The country has not adequately promoted green building technology. According to experts in the field, this is the greatest obstacle to implementing environmentally friendly building practices.
Underwater plasma discharge is considered a nontoxic and effectual purification approach to control waterborne bacterial pathogens. In the present study, Vibrio cholerae contaminated drinking water was sterilized by using underwater capillary discharge generation via high voltage, oxygen ( O 2 {{\rm{O}}}_{2} ) injection, and hydrogen peroxide ( H 2 O 2 {{\rm{H}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{2} ) addition. The effects of oxidant species generated by plasma discharge on V. cholerae disinfection have been studied and reported. The electrical and optical analysis of capillary discharge revealed the generation of reactive oxygen species ( OH . {{\rm{OH}}}^{.} , H and O), which are highly useful for bacterial disinfection along with enhanced power and energy of discharge pulses. Complete elimination of V. cholerae (0 CFUs (colony forming units)) from the water after O 2 {{\rm{O}}}_{2} injected and H 2 O 2 {{\rm{H}}}_{2}{{\rm{O}}}_{2} added plasma discharge was achieved, and 100% inactivation of V. cholera from drinking water was proven. The retardant effect of the initial V. cholerae colonies with time variation was reported through optical density (OD600 nm) measurements. The time course study of bactericidal activity of plasma treatment on V. cholerae, observed every 12 h up to 36 h, revealed a high retardant effect on V. cholerae CFUs. Underwater capillary discharge is an efficient approach for the inactivation of V. cholerae from drinking water.
This study aimed to identify the levels of quality of health services in government hospitals in Sudan. It also aimed to examine the availability of the dimensions of health services quality, which included tangibles, reliability, responsiveness, confidence and empathy. It has been conducted in the grand didactic hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan; namely Khartoum, Bahri and Omdurman. The sample of this study included patients and customers who are supposed to benefit from the service under study. The respondents are exposed to a questionnaire of (22) statements to measure the dimensions of the availability of quality in the health service. The findings of the study showed that the patients and customers demonstrated a high level of awareness towards the presence and quality of dimensions of health services provided by government hospitals. It is also revealed that the five health dimensions of quality are not available in government hospitals and their applications are not the concern of the hospital managements.
In Saudi Arabia, housing projects for the low-income group supported by different government policies as that of the Ministry of Planning and Economy. The post-occupancy evaluation (POE) method is a tool used to assess the functional, social, and technical satisfaction derived by residents from the housing project. The objectives of this study in Saudi Arabia are to investigate the POE process and its applicability, raise awareness of users" rights and needs and offer recommendations for low income housing strategy based on the POE method. The research adopted a quantitative approach using sample survey interview. The survey design based on the POE process. The questionnaires distributed to the residents of the Al-Ghazalah Development Housing Complex to evaluate the three aspects of building performance the functional, social and technical. A feedback from the residents collated and analyzed to reach to conclusion and recommendations.
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