Abstract:The objective of the study was to analyze chemical structure of date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) by employing ultimate, proximate and thermo-gravimetric techniques. Samples from different anatomical parts of date palm, namely trunk, frond base, frond midrib, leaflets, coir, fruit stem, date stone, and fruit empty bunches were considered for the experiments. Based on the findings in this work palm leaflet samples gave the highest amount of extractives content (32.9%), followed by date palm stone specimens with 31.5%. Cellulose content values of 32.8% and 47.5% were obtained for date palm stone and palm coir samples, respectively. Overall the hemicellulose contents of all samples were relatively similar to those of typical wood or non-wood lignocellulosic materials with the two exceptions of palm coir and palm leaflets. Both palm coir and palm leaflet specimens had 12.6% and 16.1% hemicellulose content. Volatile matter values of 74.3% and 87.5% were determined for leaflets and fruit empty bunch samples. The ash content of the samples ranged from 1.4% for date stone to 15.2% for palm leaflet samples. The thermal decomposition was completed below a temperature of 500˝C with an exception of those samples taken from palm leaflets. Taken together the data indicate that date palm stone and palm coir revealed could be more viable for renewable energy production than the other specimens considered in this work.

Heat treatment is an effective method to improve biological resistance of low natural durability wood species. The aim of this study was to enhance the decay resistance of Pinus patula, an African low natural durability softwood species, via wood thermal modification technique. Heat treatment was performed on wood specimens under inert conditions at different heat treatment intensities to reach mass losses of 5, 10 and 15%. Heat treated specimens were exposed to fungal decay using the brown rot fungus Poria placenta. The wood chemical and elemental composition was determined as well as extractives toxicity before and after wood thermal modification to understand the reasons of durability improvement. The treated specimens exhibited a significant increase in their durability against wood decay in line with the severity of the treatment. Wood holocellulose was found to be distinctly more sensitive to the heating process than the lignin constituent. In addition, obvious correlations were observed between weight losses recorded after fungal exposure and both holocellulose decrease and lignin ratio increase. The same correlations were observed with the elemental composition changes allowing using the observed differences for predicting of wood durability conferred by heat treatment. Furthermore, no significant differences were M. Pétrissans · P. Gérardin ( ) observed between the toxicity of Pinus patula wood extractives before and after its thermal modification. Einfluss der Stärke der Wärmebehandlung auf die chemische Zusammensetzung und die Dauerhaftigkeit von Kiefernholz (Pinus patula)Zusammenfassung Wärmebehandlung ist eine effektive Methode zur Verbesserung der biologischen Resistenz von Holzarten mit geringer natürlicher Dauerhaftigkeit. Ziel dieser Studie war es, die Fäuleresistenz von Pinus patula, einer afrikanischen Nadelbaumart mit geringer natürlicher Dauerhaftigkeit, durch eine Wärmebehandlung zu verbessern. Dabei wurden Prüfkörper unter Schutzgas mit unterschiedlicher Intensität wärmebehandelt, um Masseverluste von 5, 10 und 15 % zu erreichen. Die wärmebehandelten Prüfkör-per wurden einem Befall mit dem Braunfäulepilz Poria placenta ausgesetzt. Die chemische und Elementzusammensetzung des Holzes sowie die Extraktstofftoxizität wurden vor und nach der thermischen Behandlung bestimmt, um die Gründe der verbesserten Dauerhaftigkeit herauszufinden. Die Dauerhaftigkeit der behandelten Prüfkörper stieg in Abhängigkeit der Behandlungsintensität signifikant an. Die Holzholocellulose reagierte wesentlich stärker auf die Wär-mebehandlung als das Lignin. Dabei wurden deutliche Korrelationen zwischen dem Masseverlust und dem Holzcelluloserückgang sowie dem Anstieg des Ligninanteils festgestellt. Die gleichen Korrelationen ergaben sich für die Änderung der Elementzusammensetzung, wodurch die Verwendung der beobachteten Unterschiede zur Vorhersage der Dauerhaftigkeit von wärmebehandeltem Holz möglich ist. Des Weiteren ergaben sich keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Toxizität der Holzextraktstoffe von Pinus ...

The essential oils of eighteen Egyptian plants were extracted by hydrodistillation and their chemical compositions were analyzed by GC-MS. The antifungal activity of the isolated oils was evaluated against two wood decay fungi Hexagonia apiaria and Ganoderma lucidum in vitro. The essential oil of Artemisia monosperma showed the highest inhibitory effect against H. apiaria (EC 50 = 31 mg L -1 ) and G. lucidum (EC 50 = 53 mg L -1 ). The results of in vitro tests indicated that the essential oils of Cupressus sempervirens, Citrus limon, Thuja occidentalis, Schinus molle, A. monosperma and Pelargonium graveolens were the most potent inhibitors against both fungi. These six oils caused significant reduction of wood mass loss of Scots pine sapwood after 6 weeks of fungal exposure. The oil of C. limon revealed the highest reduction of wood mass loss caused by H. apiaria, while A. monosperma oil displayed the highest reduction of wood loss caused by G. lucidum. These results support the potential use of essential oils for wood protection against decay fungi.

Abstract• Identification of extractives present in Cupressus lusitanica heartwood has been conducted using GC-MS analyses. The chromatogram of toluene/ethanol extracts indicated the presence of large amounts of benzaldehyde and numerous terpenic compounds such as cedrol, agathadiol, epimanool, bornyl acetate, α-cedrene and β-cedrene.• The effect of these extractives on the natural durability of cypress wood was investigated on heart wood blocks exposed to pure culture of Poria placenta before or after solvent extraction. Weight losses revealed severe fungal degradations on the extracted blocks compared to unextracted ones.• Efficiency of heartwood extractives as inhibitors of the growth of Poria placenta on malt/agar test confirms their contribution to cypress natural durability.• Cypress blocks were treated at 240 • C for different times to reach different levels of thermodegradation to evaluate effect of heat treatment on fungal durability. Results indicate that evaporation of volatile extractives during the first few minutes of heat treatment contribute to decreased wood durability, while longer treatment times lead to the expected improvement of durability.• This study suggests that the content of extractives, which may be modified during wood drying or weathering processes, could be the origin of the conflicting data described in the literature concerning cypress natural durability. Mots-clés :Cupressus lusitanica / durabilité / extractibles / traitement thermique / pourriture Résumé -Effet des extractibles sur la durabilité naturelle du duramen de cyprès.• Les extractibles présents dans le duramen de Cupressus lusitanica ont été analysés par GC-MS. Le chromatogramme des extraits obtenus à l'aide d'un mélange toluène/éthanol met en évidence des quantités importantes de benzaldéhyde et de nombreux composés terpéniques comme le cédrol, l'agathadiol, l'épimanool, l'acétate de bornyl, l'α-cédrène et le β-cédrène.• L'effet des extractibles sur la durabilité naturelle du cyprès a été évalué à l'aide d'essais réalisés sur des blocs préalablement extraits ou non puis exposés à Poria placenta. Les pertes de masse mettent en évidence une dégradation importante des échantillons extraits comparativement aux témoins non extraits.• L'efficacité des extractibles comme inhibiteur de croissance de Poria placenta a été évaluée. Les résultats indiquent une forte inhibition du développement fongique.• Des blocs de cyprès ont été traités à 240 • C pendant des temps variables pour atteindre différents niveaux de thermo-dégradation. L'évaporation des extractibles volatils durant la première phase du traitement thermique conduit à une diminution de la durabilité du bois aux agents de pourriture, alors que des traitements plus longs conduisent à l'augmentation de durabilité attendue.• Cette étude suggère que la teneur en extractibles, susceptible de varier suite au séchage ou aux intempéries, peut être à l'origine des observations contradictoires rapportées dans la littérature concernant la durabilité naturelle du cyprès.

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In this study, the use of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) as boron fixative agent was investigated. Two levels of PVA (2.5 and 4%) were evaluated with disodium octaborate tetrahydrate (DOT) at three concentrations (1, 2 and 4% boric acid equivalent (BAE)) using a double vacuum impregnation process on Scots pine sapwood specimens. Leaching was performed according to a laboratory leaching procedure. Boron analysis using atomic absorption spectrometer showed a significant reduction in boron leachability for the samples treated with both concentrations of PVA when compared to the stand-alone boron treatment leading to boron retentions capable of preventing wood biological degradations. Decay resistance of the leached specimens was evaluated using the brown rot fungus Poria placenta. Even if complete protection was not fully achieved, an improvement in decay resistance was observed for the samples treated with DOT in presence of PVA. This leak of efficacy was attributed to a decrease in the biological activity of the complexed boron against fungi. Durability of treated wood against termite attack, evaluated using Reticulitermes santonensis, indicated a significant enhancement for the samples treated in presence of the fixative agent compared to the pure boron treatment (Résumé d'auteur)

The objective of this study was to identify the chemical composition and antimicrobial activity of acetone extracts of Pinus halepensis Mill (needles and bark) and Olea europaea L. (leaves and bark) obtained from three different altitudes in AL-Jabal AL-Akhder, Libya. The chemical compositions were analyzed by GC/MS. The analyses of the extracts from needles of P. halepensis led to the identification of 38, 15 and 18 different components, representing 93.34, 100 and 97.00% of the total extract at three different altitudes (125, 391 and 851 respectively). However, the extracts from bark contained 6, 4 and 8 compounds, representing 100% of the total extract at three different altitudes, respectively. For the leaf extracts from O. europea, 5, 8 and 10 compounds were identified, representing 100% of the total extracts at three different altitudes (125, 391 and 851 respectively). However, the crud extracts from bark led to the identification of 13, 16 and 15 compounds, representing 97.55, 99.70 and 98.05% of the total extract at three different altitudes, respectively. The chemical classes of the detected compounds confirmed that these extracts contained a complex mixture consisting of sugars, monoterpene hydrocarbons, sesquiterpenes, diterpenes, diterpenoids, terpenophenolics, triterpenes, tetraterpenoids, phenylethanoids, steroids, resins and phthalates. Four pathogenic bacteria and one fungal strain were used to determine the antimicrobial activity. The extracts exhibited antibacterial potency with varying degrees of inhibition with MIC values ranging from 480 to 1300mg/L and the best MICs values observed were 525, 530, 410 and 645mg/L against the growth of Agrobacterium tumefaciens, Erwinia carotovora, Corynebacterium fascians and Pseudomonas solanacearum, respectively for the extract from O. europaea at altitude I. The extracts all extracts exhibited a significant antifungal potency against Botrytis cinerea with varying degrees of inhibition of growth with EC 50 values ranging from 71.10 to 154.71mg/L.

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