This work focuses on the study of identified (π±, k±, p, and p̅), strange hadrons (k_s^0, Λ, Λ ̅,〖 Ξ〗^+ 〖,Ξ〗^-), recorded by CMS, and light nuclei and their anti-nuclei (d, d̅, t, t̅, (_ ^3)He and (_ ^3)(He) ̅ ), recorded by ALICE, at √s= 0.9 TeV, 2.76 TeV, 7 TeV and 13 TeV in pp collision at mid rapidities. The pT distributions of these particles are analyzed using the Tsallis model, which fits the experimental data very well. Several important parameters for studying the characteristics of the medium produced during such collisions are extracted. The effective temperature (T) increases monotonically with increasing particle mass and also with increasing collision energy. The non-extensivity parameter (q) decreases with the mass of the particle. For heavier particles, greater T and smaller q mean that they decouple early from the system and attain equilibrium quickly compared to lighter ones. Furthermore, with an increase in collision energy, the multiplicity parameter N0 increases.
This manuscript presents a simulation study of a track-based analysis of the multiplicity distributions of the primary charged particle compared to experimental measurements in symmetric hadron–hadron collisions acquiring maximum energy for the new particle production. The data are compared to the simulations of EPOS, PYTHIA8, Sibyll, and QGSJET under the same conditions. The event generators in the current study are simple parton-based models that incorporate the Reggie–Gribov theory. The latter is a field theory based on the QCD that uses the mechanism of multiple parton interactions. It has been found that the PYTHIA8 model chases the data well in most of the distributions but depends on the momentum and the requirement of charged particles in a given track, due to its feature-like color reshuffling of quarks and gluons through the color re-connection modes and initial and final state radiations by incorporating the parton showers. The EPOS model could also reproduce some spectral regions and presents a good comparison after the PYTHIA8. All the other models could not produce most of the spectra except for the limited region, which also depends on the analysis’s cuts. Besides the model’s prediction, we used Tsallis–Pareto and Hagedorn functions to fit the aforementioned spectra of the charged particles. The fit is applied to the data and models, and their results are compared. We extract the temperature parameter T01 (effective temperature (Teff)) from the Tsallis–Pareto-kind function and T02 (kinetic freezeout temperature) from the Hagedorn function. The temperatures are affected by pT as well Nch cuts.
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