Based on the data-driven analysis, the mid-rapidity transverse momentum (p T ) spectra of charged hadrons (π + , K + and p) produced in central and peripheral gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions from the Beam Energy Scan (BES) program at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) are fitted by the blast-wave model with Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. The model result are in agreement with the experimental data measured by the STAR Collaboration at the RHIC-BES energies. We observe that the kinetic freeze-out temperature (T 0 ), transverse flow velocity (β T ), mean transverse momentum ( p T ), and initial temperature (T i ) increase with the collision energy and with the event centrality.
Centrality-dependent double-differential transverse momentum spectra of negatively charged particles (π−, K−, and p¯) at the mid(pseudo)rapidity interval in nuclear collisions are analyzed by the standard distribution in terms of multicomponent. The experimental data measured in gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions by the PHENIX Collaboration at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and in lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions by the ALICE Collaboration at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are studied. The effective temperature, initial temperature, kinetic freeze-out temperature, transverse flow velocity, and kinetic freeze-out volume are extracted from the fitting to transverse momentum spectra. We observed that the mentioned five quantities increase with the increase of event centrality due to the fact that the average transverse momentum increases with the increase of event centrality. This renders that larger momentum (energy) transfer and further multiple scattering had happened in central centrality.
Transverse momentum spectra of different types of particles produced in mid-rapidity interval in central and peripheral gold-gold (Au-Au) collisions, central and peripheral deuteron-gold (d-Au) collisions, and inelastic (INEL) or non-single-diffractive (NSD) proton-proton (pp) collisions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC), as well as in central and peripheral lead-lead (Pb-Pb) collisions, central and peripheral proton-lead (p-Pb) collisions, and INEL or NSD pp collisions at the Large Hadron Collider (LHC) are analyzed by the blastwave model with Boltzmann-Gibbs statistics. The model results are largely consist with the experimental data in special transverse momentum ranges measured by the PHENIX, STAR, ALICE, and CMS Collaborations.It is showed that the kinetic freeze-out temperature of emission source is dependent on particle mass, which reveals the scenario for multiple kinetic freeze-out in collisions at the RHIC and LHC. The scenario for single or double kinetic freeze-out is not observed in this study.
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