The current study aimed to evaluate some biological activities of Saussurea costus (S. costus) such as phytochemical constituents, antimicrobial activity and antifeedant potential on the larvae of Spodoptera littoralis. The results revealed that the methanol extract of roots of S. costus are rich in some bioactive phytochemical compounds such as alkaloids, phenols/polyphenols, fl avonoids, terpenoids, tannins, coumarins, quinines, steroids, cardiac glycosides and resins. The antimicrobial screening revealed that, among 12 referenced microbial strains (10 bacteria and 2 fungi), 4 Gram-positive bacteria exhibited high susceptibility with the methanol and ethanol extracts of S. costus, namely

The family Lamiaceae contains several plants used in traditional medicine to fight against different diseases. Salvia verbenaca L. (S. verbenaca) is one of the Lamiaceae species distributed around the Mediterranean regions. This plant exhibits different bioactive properties, including antibacterial, anticancer, antioxidant, antileishmanial, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, and wound healing. This review was conducted to revise previous studies on S. verbenaca addressing its botanical description, geographical distribution, and phytochemical, pharmacological, and toxicological properties. Moreover, the main pharmacological actions of S. verbenaca major compounds were well investigated. Literature reports have revealed that S. verbenaca possesses a pivotal role in medicinal applications. The findings of this work noted that S. verbenaca was found to be rich in chemical compound classes such as terpenoids, phenolics, fatty acids, sterols, and flavonoids. Numerous studies have found that S. verbenaca essential oils and extracts have a wide range of biological effects. These results support the potential pharmacological properties of S. verbenaca and its traditional uses. This analysis can constitute a scientific basis for further refined studies on its pure secondary metabolites. Therefore, the outcome of the present work may support the perspective of identifying new therapeutical applications with detailed pharmacological mechanisms of S. verbenaca to prevent the development of some diseases such as neurodegenerative disorders. However, toxicological investigations into S. verbenaca are needed to assess any potential toxicity before it can be further used in clinical studies.

Hyoscyamus muticus is an endangered desert plant spread in the Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East deserts. The methanol extract of the aerial parts of H. muticus grown in the arid zones in the Northern regions of Saudi Arabia were subjected to primary phytochemical analysis which revealed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins and sterols, the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the methanolic extract exhibited different types of phenolic compounds, including ferulic acid, 4-hydroxy-cinamic acid-ester, methyl salicylate and methyl ferulate. The accumulation of phenolic compounds supports the antioxidative properties of the plant against oxidative stress. The antioxidant testing showed that the methanolic extract of H. muticus has a noticeable antioxidant activity with an IC 50 of 8.1±0.65 mg/ml and an EC 50 of 12.74±1.12 mg/ml. The antimicrobial investigation on 11 microbial strains revealed that the methanolic extract of H. muticus areal parts showed average or weak antibacterial activity against gram-positive bacteria, weak antibacterial activity against gram-negative bacteria and no antifungal activity. Moreover, the investigations exhibited the presence of an antifeedant potential on the methanol extract of H. muticus on the 4 th instar larvae of Spodoptera littoralis.

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