An experimental study has been done to examine the performance and emission of a diesel engine using different blend ratios of Jatropha oil methyl ester at different engine speeds. At each speed, the engine was operated at no load, quarter, half, three quarters, and full load for different blending ratios. The performance parameters evaluated include Brake Power (BP), Brake Mean Effective Pressure (BMEP), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), air to fuel ratio (AFR), excess air factor, brake thermal efficiency, volumetric efficiency and the temperature of exhaust gas whereas exhaust emissions include specific emissions of O2, CO, CO2, and NOx. Biodiesel blends result in a decrease of brake power by 30.8 %, decreases in air to fuel ratio by 18 %, decreases in brake thermal efficiency by 21 %, decreases in volumetric efficiency by 10.7 % and increases in brake specific fuel consumption by 32.18 %. Specific emission of O2, CO, and NOx increases with increasing the percentage of biodiesel in fuel blends. Specific emission of CO2 decreases with increasing the rate of biodiesel in fuel blends. The results suggest that biodiesel obtained from non-edible oil like Jatropha could be a decent substitute to diesel fuel in the diesel engine.
Objective. The aim was to detect effects of blue light on reducing the adverse effect of heat stress in thermal manipulation (TM) of broiler embryos by subjecting embryos to heat stress during incubation development. Methods. Eggs were assigned to four treatments in which the TM (thermal manipulation) was exposed to 40°C for 4 h daily during five successive days, if TM was operated. The treatments were (1) normal temperature with white lighting group (37°C+W), (2) normal temperature with blue lighting group (37°C+B), (3) thermal manipulation with white lighting group (40°C+W), and (4) thermal manipulation with blue lighting group (40°C+B). Results. Blue light significantly lowered MDA and corticosterone concentrations in the embryonic liver. Additionally, the damage of embryonic liver tissue caused by heat stress could be reduced by blue light. HSPs and HSFs gene expression of chicken liver were modulated by blue light significantly, whereas the effects were different, respectively. Moreover, blue light modulated liver antioxidant enzyme activity and their gene expression in embryonic liver significantly. However, blue light did not exert significant effects on body weight, late hatch rectal temperature and tibia length of hatched chicks. Conclusions. The results suggest that monochromatic blue light can reduce the content of MDA and corticosterone of broiler embryos in heat stress and increase the relative expression of SOD and CAT genes. Moreover, the monochromatic blue light may reduce the metabolic heat production of broilers during the embryonic stage, thus reducing the damage of broilers due to heat stress during the embryonic heat acclimation stage.
Previous work shows that long-wavelength light has a robust circadian rhythmic pattern in the expression of clock genes of chickens, whereas short-wavelength light leads to an arrhythmic oscillation of some clock genes (e.g., cClock, cCry1, cCry2, cPer2, and cPer3). However, knowledge about the consequences of LED lights on the physiological and behavioral phenotype was still not clear. This experiment hypothesizes that short-wavelength light disturbs chickens' eating rhythm and leads to the wrong time to eat, resulting in metabolic syndrome. "Meihuang" broilers were housed in monochromatic LED blue light, green light, yellow light, red light, or white light with a very low dose (15 lx). Multiply physiological parameters were measured and the 24-h eating behavior was determined. The effects of LED light on physiological status and behavioral phenotype showed a wavelength-dependent manner. Short-wavelength light significantly decreased the level of total triglycerides and total cholesterol but increased triiodothyronine concentration. Inversely, long-wavelength light increased the triglycerides and total cholesterol and reduced the level of triiodothyronine. Further, it was found that short-wavelength light significantly boosted body weight compared with long-wavelength light, despite equivalent levels of food intake. Short-wavelength light-induced 23.4% and 14.1% of food consumption during subjective nights, but long-wavelength light did not. These results imply that when chickens eat matters, not just what they eat. Thus, low as 15 lx of blue light exposure during the typical dark period is sufficient to lead an individual to eat at the "wrong" time, causing metabolic dysfunction. Blue light should be cautiously considered to be used in the poultry breeding process.
The thermal energy efficiency, the specific energy consumption, and the emission of exhaust gasses of three different balady bread ovens were investigated, and evaluated. The compared ovens are installed in three different balady bread bakeries namely:-Full-mechanical automatic using solar fuel (MA-L); Semimechanical automatic using natural gas fuel (SMA-G); and Semi-mechanical automatic using solar fuel (SMA-L). The comparative tests were deduced under numerous variables included the fuel type, volumetric air/fuel ratio (A/F), and the baking capacity. The obtained results revealed that, the optimum oven thermal efficiency (88.56%) in (SMA-G) bakery was obtained at A/F ratio of 12.24 and flue gases temperature of 276.66° C. While, optimum thermal efficiencies of 85.54 % in (SMA-L) bakery, and 86.61% in (M-L) bakery were obtained at similar A/F ratio of 19.76, and at flue gas temperatures of 326,and 304° C respectively. The results also indicated that the least specific fuel energy consumption value (2.03 MJ/ kg flour) was corresponded the (SM-G) bakery. While the highest value (5.38 MJ/ /kg flour) was corresponded the (SM-L) bakery. The results of exhaust gas emission showed that, the emission of sulfur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen monoxide (N2O) were higher in case of operating SMA-L bakery than those of operating MA-Land SMA-G by about 2.09 and 5.85 times respectively. In addition replacing the natural gas instead of solar as a fuel resulted in high reduction the environmental pollution produced from the balady bread bakeries under the Egyptian conditions. Whereas, the emissions of toxic compounds (such as benzene, toluene, xylene, and trichloroethylene (TCE)) weren't detected in case of using natural gas, while, these compounds were 71-9-12-18 and 88-16-18-23 ppm for (MA-L, SMA-L) oven respectively that used solar fuel.
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