A modified QuEChERS method was employed with LC-MS/MS to evaluate the matrix effects of 12 different vegetables matrices in 57 globally used herbicides. The average recoveries of pesticides at different concentrations varied between 70 and 120%. The reproducibility expressed as relative standard deviation was <25%. The limit of quantitation was (0.005-0.01 mg/kg). The measurement uncertainty is lower than 40%. Three vegetables families: Cucurbitaceae, Solanaceae and leafy vegetables were selectd for study. Among the investigated commodities, leafy green vegetables have the highest matrix effects, MEs percentages ranged between (2 & 282%). The highest suppression in analytes response was observed for parsley with matrix ME (2-19%). Most of tested herbicides showed suppression extent at the lower fortified concentrations. Tomato recorded the highest enhancement in most of studied herbicides of MEs % ranged from (122 to 379%). Butachlor, chlorbromuron, fenoxaprop-p-ethyl, flufenacet, fluzafop-p-butyl, hexythiazox, prosulfocarb and pyriproxyfen showed ion suppresion for all vegetables matrices with MEs% ranged from (5 to 79%). Matrix effects (MEs) were evaluated by comparing the slopes of target analytes to prove
This study assessed the spatiotemporal variability and pollution grades of heavy metals in water and sediments of Bahr El-Baqar drain, Eastern Nile Delta, Egypt, by integration of geochemical analysis, metal pollution indices, correlation, and multivariate statistical analyses. Twenty samples of water and sediments were collected during 2018 and analyzed for heavy metal concentrations using ICP-OES. Heavy metal contents in the water samples followed the order: Fe > Zn > Al > Pb > Mn > Cu > Ni. The drain sediments were highly contaminated with heavy metals that followed the order: Fe > Al > Mn > V > Zn > Cu > Cr > Ba > Ni > Pb > As. Spatiotemporally, most metals in the drain sediments showed a decreasing trend from upstream (south) to downstream sites (north). Results of principal component analysis (PCA) supported those from the Pearson correlation between investigated heavy metals. In water, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, Cu, and Fe showed highly significant correlations. In sediments, Ba, Ni, Zn, Fe, Al, Mn, and V showed strong positive correlations indicating that these metals were derived from similar anthropogenic sources. The calculated metal pollution indices: enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI), degree of contamination (DC), and index of geo-accumulation (Igeo) indicated high loadings of heavy metals in the drain sediments. EFs revealed low, moderate to significant enrichment, whereas CFs showed low, moderate, and considerable contamination. PLI indicated low, baseline, and progressive contamination, while DC indicated low, moderate, and considerable degree of contamination. Igeo of all investigated metals (except for As; class 1) indicated extremely contaminated sediments (class 7).
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