Sudan Ebola virus is single stranded negative sense RNA genome belonging to Filovirus Filoviridae family that causes hemorrhagic fever. There is no treatment or vaccine for it, thus the aim of this study is to design a peptide vaccine using immuoinformatics approaches to analyse the glycoprotein of the all strain of SUDV, to determine the conserved region which is further studied to predict all possible epitopes that can be used as a peptide vaccine. A total of 21 Sudan Ebola virus glycoprotein retrieved from NCBI database were aligned to determine the conservancy and to predict the epitopes using IEDB analysis resource. Three epitopes predicted as a peptide vaccine for B cell (PPPPDGVR, ETFLQSPP, LQSPPIRE). For T cell four epitopes showed high affinity to MHC class I (FLYDRLAST, IIIAIIALL, MHNQNALVC and RTYTILNRK) and high coverage against Sudan and the whole world population. Also in MHC class II, Four epitopes that interact with most frequent MHC class II alleles (FAEGVIAFL, FLRATTELR, FLYDRLAST and FVWVIILFQ) with high coverage against Sudan and the whole world population. We recommend in vivo and in vitro study to prove the effectiveness of these predicted epitopes as a peptide vaccine.

Merkel cell Polyomavirus is non-enveloped, dsDNA virus belonging to Polyomaviridae family linked to an uncommon aggressive skin malignancy. The poor prognosis and limited understanding of disease pathogenesis warrants innovative treatment. In this current study we aim to predict TB cell immunogenic epitopes from the VP1 protein of all merkel cell polyomavirus strain which will aid in effective epitope based vaccine design using immuoinformatics approaches. We retrieved 423 full-length VP1 protein sequences of merkel cell polyomavirus species from the NCBI database. These sequences were analyzed to determine the conserved region and were used to predict the epitopes using the IEDB immunoinformatics algorithms. For B cell three epitope were predicted as peptide vaccine (QEKTVY, KTVYPK, and QEKTVYP). For T cell the predicted Class-I peptides (SLFSNLMPK, LQMWEAISV and LLVKGGVEV) were found to cover the maximum number of MHC I alleles. The highest scoring Class II MHC binding peptides were (IELYLNPRM, ISSLINVHY and INSLFSNLM). Further experiments will need to be undertaken to confirm the potential of these predicted epitopes in a future efficacious vaccine development.

IntroductionLyssa viruses are representing a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries by causing lethal encephalitis in animals and humans. There is very few information on the way that lyssa viruses in general and Duvenhage virus caused disease [1]. This virus family has shape appear as a bullet, virion was envelop with a sense negatively RNA genome single strand which encodes for five proteins of viral: nucleoprotein, protein for matrix, phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [2,3]. The incubation time is different, and the death is commonly occurred within six and eleven days after paralytic sign's forms, which limit treatment options [4]. Details of the lyssa virus's cycles like Duvenhage, Lagos bat, and Mokola viruses are unspecific [5,6]. The Lyssavirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae consists of eleven additional virus species have been recognized within the genus Lyssavirus, which replicate in vertebrates, and mainly carried by bats except Mokola virus, and are restricted in special areas around the world [7]. African lyssa viruses include Mokola virus (MOKV), Lagos bat virus (LBV), and DUVV. European bat lyssa viruses 1 and 2 (EBLV 1 and 2 respectively), Irkut (IRKV), Aravan (ARAV), Khujant (KHUV) and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) cause cases in Europe and Asia. Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) is restricted to Australia [8,9]. RABV (genotype 1) only bats isolated in South and North America, but rabies associated viruses have been bats isolated from another place. In Africa-countries, DUVV and LBV are bats associated with it, but Mokola virus is related with rodents and shrews [10]. Many susceptible vertebrates, sometimes have been found to be infected by rarely identified lyssaviruses, a human with Duvenhage virus [11,12]. The discovered of Duvenhage virus in South Africa in 1970 when the rabies was caused fatal like disease for a bitten person by a bat [13]. After that, they suggest that the virus isolated was a Miniopterusschreibersite for the reason that wide genus distribution in exposure area. The bat species previously identified as M. schreibersite in Africa is now known as Miniopterusnatalensis and then in 1986 the virus was isolated from an insectivorous bat, Nycteristhebaica in Zimbabwe. After 36 years later, DUVV was identified in human: in South Africa 2006 and subsequently in Kenya in 2007 [9]. Although most of the rabies infections are thought to be zoonotic, clinical cases have also been caused by Duvenhage virus, EBLV 1, EBLV 2, Australian bat Lyssavirus, Mokola virus and Irkut virus. Humans are likely to be susceptible to other rabies-related lyssa viruses [14]. Very few laboratories in African countries can diagnose species of rabies infection [9]. Some studies done to control measures and monitoring the spreading of lyssa viruses found that mongoose-related rabies in South Africa are different from classic rabies of dog [10]. Up to date no effective treatment is available for rabies infection. According to phylogeny, serological cro...

Rubella is a single strand RNA virus in structure that belongs to Togaviridae family. It causes rubella by respiratory droplet transmission and congenital rubella syndrome if infection to the mother occurs during pregnancy. The current life attenuated vaccine is given as part of MMR vaccine. It has many side effects and contraindicated in pregnancy and immunosuppressed persons. The aim of this study is to determine antigenic peptides from E1, E2, and Capsid proteins that can be used for multiple peptide vaccine design using In-Silico study. A total of 189 sequences of three proteins were obtained from NCBI and subjected to multiple sequence alignments using CLUSTALW tool to determine conserved regions.