IntroductionLyssa viruses are representing a serious public health problem, especially in developing countries by causing lethal encephalitis in animals and humans. There is very few information on the way that lyssa viruses in general and Duvenhage virus caused disease [1]. This virus family has shape appear as a bullet, virion was envelop with a sense negatively RNA genome single strand which encodes for five proteins of viral: nucleoprotein, protein for matrix, phosphoprotein, glycoprotein and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase [2,3]. The incubation time is different, and the death is commonly occurred within six and eleven days after paralytic sign's forms, which limit treatment options [4]. Details of the lyssa virus's cycles like Duvenhage, Lagos bat, and Mokola viruses are unspecific [5,6]. The Lyssavirus genus of the family Rhabdoviridae consists of eleven additional virus species have been recognized within the genus Lyssavirus, which replicate in vertebrates, and mainly carried by bats except Mokola virus, and are restricted in special areas around the world [7]. African lyssa viruses include Mokola virus (MOKV), Lagos bat virus (LBV), and DUVV. European bat lyssa viruses 1 and 2 (EBLV 1 and 2 respectively), Irkut (IRKV), Aravan (ARAV), Khujant (KHUV) and West Caucasian bat virus (WCBV) cause cases in Europe and Asia. Australian bat Lyssavirus (ABLV) is restricted to Australia [8,9]. RABV (genotype 1) only bats isolated in South and North America, but rabies associated viruses have been bats isolated from another place. In Africa-countries, DUVV and LBV are bats associated with it, but Mokola virus is related with rodents and shrews [10]. Many susceptible vertebrates, sometimes have been found to be infected by rarely identified lyssaviruses, a human with Duvenhage virus [11,12]. The discovered of Duvenhage virus in South Africa in 1970 when the rabies was caused fatal like disease for a bitten person by a bat [13]. After that, they suggest that the virus isolated was a Miniopterusschreibersite for the reason that wide genus distribution in exposure area. The bat species previously identified as M. schreibersite in Africa is now known as Miniopterusnatalensis and then in 1986 the virus was isolated from an insectivorous bat, Nycteristhebaica in Zimbabwe. After 36 years later, DUVV was identified in human: in South Africa 2006 and subsequently in Kenya in 2007 [9]. Although most of the rabies infections are thought to be zoonotic, clinical cases have also been caused by Duvenhage virus, EBLV 1, EBLV 2, Australian bat Lyssavirus, Mokola virus and Irkut virus. Humans are likely to be susceptible to other rabies-related lyssa viruses [14]. Very few laboratories in African countries can diagnose species of rabies infection [9]. Some studies done to control measures and monitoring the spreading of lyssa viruses found that mongoose-related rabies in South Africa are different from classic rabies of dog [10]. Up to date no effective treatment is available for rabies infection. According to phylogeny, serological cro...
Background: Lagos rabies virus belongs to lyssavirus genus responsible for meningoencephalomyelitis in mammals that affect millions of people around the world and causes thousands of human deaths every year, to the best of our knowledge there is no peptide vaccine designed for Lagos rabies virus. The resulting peptide vaccine is expected to be more immunogenic and less allergic than conventional biochemical vaccines. The aim of this study was to design an Insilco peptide vaccine for Lagos rabies virus using Immunoinformatic tools. Methods and Materials:Sequences of glycoprotein G of Lagos rabies virus was retrieved from NCBI, the retrieved sequences were then treated using different Immunoinformatic tools for B cell to find out the most conserved, surface and antigenic epitopes, and for T cell to find conserved peptides and to test their binding affinity to different MHC1 and MHC11 alleles. Then population coverage analysis and homology modeling was performed for most promising epitopes to show their structural positions in glycoprotein G. Results and Conclusions:B cell tests were conducted for Bepipred with 22 conserved epitopes, Emini surface accessibility prediction with 12 conserved surface epitopes and Kolaskar and Tongaonkar antigenicity test with only three conserved epitopes being antigenic. 23 conserved epitopes were interacted with different MHC-1 alleles with (IC 50 ) ≤ 500 while 39 conserved epitopes interacted with MHC-II alleles with IC50 ≤ 1000. Among all the tested epitopes for world population coverage the epitope FVGYVTTTF binding to both MHC1 and MHC11 alleles was 97.30% and it was found to bind 13 different alleles that indicate strong potential to formulate peptide vaccine for Lagos rabies virus.
Introduction. Cryptococcosis is a ubiquitous opportunistic fungal disease caused by Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii. It has high global morbidity and mortality among HIV patients and non-HIV carriers with 99% and 95%, respectively. Furthermore, the increasing prevalence of undesired toxicity profile of antifungal, multidrug-resistant organisms and the scarcity of FDA-authorized vaccines were the hallmark in the present days. This study was undertaken to design a reliable epitope-based peptide vaccine through targeting highly conserved immunodominant heat shock 70 kDa protein of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii that covers a considerable digit of the world population through implementing a computational vaccinology approach. Materials and Methods. A total of 38 sequences of Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii’s heat shock 70 kDa protein were retrieved from the NCBI protein database. Different prediction tools were used to analyze the aforementioned protein at the Immune Epitope Database (IEDB) to discriminate the most promising T-cell and B-cell epitopes. The proposed T-cell epitopes were subjected to the population coverage analysis tool to compute the global population’s coverage. Finally, the T-cell projected epitopes were ranked based on their binding scores and modes using AutoDock Vina software. Results and Discussion. The epitopes (ANYVQASEK, QSEKPKNVNPVI, SEKPKNVNPVI, and EKPKNVNPVI) had shown very strong binding affinity and immunogenic properties to B-cell. (FTQLVAAYL, YVYDTRGKL) and (FFGGKVLNF, FINAQLVDV, and FDYALVQHF) exhibited a very strong binding affinity to MHC-I and MHC-II, respectively, with high population coverage for each, while FYRQGAFEL has shown promising results in terms of its binding profile to MHC-II and MHC-I alleles and good strength of binding when docked with HLA-C ∗ 12:03. In addition, there is massive global population coverage in the three coverage modes. Accordingly, our in silico vaccine is expected to be the future epitope-based peptide vaccine against Cryptococcus neoformans var. grubii that covers a significant figure of the entire world citizens.
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