The present study Provides a tool to overcome the problem of the lack of accurate models to study many policies affecting the transport system in Egypt, especially the policies of raising fuel prices and their impact on the daily movement patterns of individuals. It also aims to create a model to study the policies of raising fuel prices using activity-based transport demand models because they are the most accurate and realistic methods of modeling transport demand. Egyptian Obour City was chosen as the study area. A total of 934 representative samples of individuals within the study area were collected through questionnaires containing questions specific to the characteristics of households, characteristics of individuals and characteristics of daily tours of individuals. The SPSS program was used to build five models of movement patterns within the study area, where it was found that these models are the most widespread within the study area. The study showed that the cost of day tours has an impact on the individual's choice of daily patterns, as it turned out that a 1% increase in the price of gasoline leads to an average increase in the public transport fare by 0.123%, and this increase leads to a decrease in the odd ratio for Home-based work primary tours pattern by -0.036%, for Home-based education primary tours pattern by -0.155%, and for Home-based education primary tour and secondary work tour pattern by -1.954%. It seems that this effect is small, but when applied to the census of the entire Egyptian society, the effect will be significant. The study also showed that car ownership is the most influential factor in individuals ' decisions in choosing their daily patterns.
Background: The growth of acute myeloid leukemia (AML) cells not only depends on cell-intrinsic factors but is also supported by tumor microenvironment (TME), which can be reflected by Peripheral blood monocytes. This study was aimed to assess the role of peripheral blood monocytes as a marker for TME on the AML outcome exclusively in the non-M4/M5 subtypes to limit the confounding effect of the accompanying monocytosis. Patients and Methods: We prospectively analyzed the impact of absolute monocyte count (AMC) on the outcome of 44 adults with de novo non-M4/M5 AML. The AMC values were obtained at diagnosis by hematology automatic analyzer and patients were classified based on their AMC level generated by the ROC curve into two groups: low (≤0.4x10 9 /L) and high (>0.4x10 9 /L); including 16 (36.4%) and 28 (63.6%) patients, respectively. Results: The Median duration for followup was 8.2 (range 0.8-34.9) months, death, and relapse rates were significantly higher in the high AMC group, (P=0.028 and 0.001, respectively). There was no significant difference as regards complete remission, primary induction failure, or early death rates between both groups. Moreover, no statistical difference in 3-year Overall survival (OS) between low and high AMC groups except after ruling out early deaths (P=0.366 and 0.008, respectively). However, a statistically significant better Leukemia-Free Survival (LFS) was found in the low AMC group, (P=0.026). Conclusion: Peripheral blood monocytosis at the time of diagnosis, carries worse LFS and OS (only in patients without induction-related mortality) rates in non-M4/M5 AML patients.
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