The results showed that 60.6% had taken all required doses of TT vaccine and 42.6% of the mothers studied were fully protected against MNT in their last birth. The rate of vaccination was found to be affected by mothers' socioeconomic level, education level, place of receiving antenatal care, health education about importance of TT vaccine, knowledge of mothers about NT disease and TT vaccine and the source of this knowledge.

Labor was a factor that negatively affected the health of children. More working children in this village had anemia and parasitic infestations than nonworking ones. It is recommended to pay more attention to health problems among working children, with controlling child labor, especially in hazardous occupations and performing periodic medical examination to monitor their health and development.

Background Patients with renal failure had poorer quality of life than patients with other chronic diseases such as heart failure, diabetes mellitus and even cancer which makes them more susceptible to withdraw dialysis treatment. Objectives The study was conducted to implement a health education program for patients with end stage renal disease on hemodialysis and their caregivers at Ain Shams University Hospital and measure its effect on their quality of life. Methods A controlled interventional study was carried out on three phases. A sample of 56 patients on chronic regular hemodialysis and their caregivers (HD) were selected from the two hemodialysis units at Ain Shams university hospital and data were collected at the beginning and after six months of the health education program. Results The intervention group of the patients after the intervention reported significant better quality of life scores than the control group in all the domains except in work status, quality of social interaction, sexual function, social support and patient satisfaction and there were statistically significant increases in the intervention group of the caregivers than the control group in social function, emotional well-being, role emotional and mental component summary scores. Conclusion The health education and individualized nutritional program had a positive effect on many components of quality of life of the hemodialysis patients and their caregivers

Experimental animals and human post-mortem studies concerning renal effects of tramadol addiction showed histopathological changes in proximal tubules. This study investigates early changes in function and structure of proximal tubules to tramadol addiction. The study included 44 males (G 1 = 23 controls, G 2 = 21 tramadol addicts). The measured urinary parameters were: urinary alpha-1-microglobulin (U.α 1-m), urinary leucine aminopeptidase (U.LAP), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (U.NAG). Urinary tramadol (U.

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