Preliminary Study for the Effect of Tramadol Addiction on Functional and Structural Integrity of Renal Proximal Tubules Among Addicted Egyptians

Abstract

Experimental animals and human post-mortem studies concerning renal effects of tramadol addiction showed histopathological changes in proximal tubules. This study investigates early changes in function and structure of proximal tubules to tramadol addiction. The study included 44 males (G 1 = 23 controls, G 2 = 21 tramadol addicts). The measured urinary parameters were: urinary alpha-1-microglobulin (U.α 1-m), urinary leucine aminopeptidase (U.LAP), urinary N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (U.NAG). Urinary tramadol (U.