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In this paper, we propose a bandwidth allocation scheme for networked control systems that have their control loops closed over a geographically distributed network. We first formulate the bandwidth allocation as a convex optimization problem. We then present an allocation scheme that solves this optimization problem in a fully distributed manner. In addition to being fully distributed, the proposed scheme is asynchronous, scalable, dynamic and flexible. We further discuss mechanisms to enhance the performance of the allocation scheme. We present analytical and simulation results.

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Abstract-Synchronized phasor measurement units (PMUs) provide GPS-time tagged high-sampling rate positive-sequence voltage and current phasors. When placed in high-voltage substations in power networks, PMUs can provide real-time information that is necessary for the development of Smart Transmission Grid software applications for improving power system monitoring, control and protection. The development of these applications, particularly for use within control centers for on-line purposes, is limited by the availability of and access to real-time PMU data and other information. One attractive approach for application development is the use of real-time simulators to which PMUs can be interfaced as hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) devices to harvest PMU data. However, this approach has technical and economical limitations, which can be tackled by the virtualization of PMU devices. This article describes the development of an entirely software-based synchronized phasor measurement unit for use within real-time simulators that will allow the emulation of a large number of real-life PMUs, which in turn can be used for creating new phasor-based applications.

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Abstract-The increasing demand for electricity and the penetration of renewable energy resources into the electrical grid are triggering the electric power system to undergo changes and complex modifications at high, medium and low voltage levels. There are large and complex projects like Smart Grid Gotland that are developing solutions to deal with these challenges. However, there are several scenarios that could be more practical to be first studied at the simulation level. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to propose and develop a co-simulation platform that allows performing real-time monitoring and control tests and simulations for MV/LV grids. This platform combines both electrical and information and communication technology (ICT) infrastructure simulations. It consists of a real-time power system simulator (Opal-RT) connected to a communication network emulator (OPNET) through an automatic meter reading interface that is based on commercial off-the-shelf (COTS) and low cost devices like Raspberry Pi and Arduino boards. The platform allows the analysis of realistic MV/LV grids and communication networks and will facilitate the simulation and comparison of low voltage control strategies for real-time test scenarios that could be more complicated to test in the reality due to cost and complexity aspects (i.e. high power losses on the low voltage grid).