Background: Domestic Violence refers to violence emanating from the household and within relationships defined by familial or emotional (former or present) attachment. It is the most common form of violence against women and affects women across the life span, from sex-selective abortion of female fetuses to forced suicide and abuse of older women. Domestic violence is evident to some degree in every society in the world. The main objective of the study was to assess the prevalence and consequences of domestic violence among married women. Methods: A community based crosssectional study was conducted in Zage from December, 2018 to February, 2019. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Result: From 300 respondents 45% were physically abused, among these hand and leg accounts for 65.3% and 7% had ever been harmed with sharp materials. Of all the participants 35% were sexually abused, among these 61.7% had sexual intercourse against their will two to five times per year. In this study the prevalence of psychological abuse was 95%. The study noted that nearly three in four women were experienced at least one incident of domestic violence in their lifetime. Conclusion: Alarmingly, more than three quarter of women who experienced any physical violence had severe acts that could threaten them in their lifetime. This needs an urgent attention at all levels of societal hierarchy including policymakers, stakeholders and professionals to alleviate the situation.

Background: Effective hand hygiene is essential for reducing healthcare associated infections. However, compliance of healthcare workers to hand hygiene guidelines are reportedly poor. It is important therefore to instill adequate knowledge and good attitudes and practices at the time of primary training of the healthcare workers. The aim of the study was to assess hand hygiene practices among healthcare workers in Infectious Diseases Hospital Kano, Nigeria. It was hoped that the study would benefit all health care workers through making recommendations aimed at improving hand hygiene compliance.Methods: Quantitative, Cross-sectional study, using a self-administered Questionnaire to collect data on 260 participants. The results were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0.Results: The result shows that 260 participants responded to the questionnaire. The majority of participants had good knowledge of hand hygiene and younger participants practiced hand hygiene more than older ones (p<.05).Conclusion: The study highlighted the practices of hand hygiene among health care workers and the status of hand hygiene resources in the hospital which have a negative impact on hand hygiene practices demonstrated that compliance with hand hygiene compliance among health care workers remains unacceptably low, despite the irrefutable scientific evidence that hands are the most common vehicle for transmission of pathogens. A hospital-wide awareness program aiming at healthcare workers and adoption of alcohol-based hand rubs at the point of care can help improve compliance to hand hygiene.

1.1. Background: Worldwide Road traffic accident (RTA) is a huge public health and development problems killing nearly 1.2 million people a year and injuring or disabling between 20-50 million people worldwide; thus making the loss of US 518 billion dollars globally. According to World Health Organization, every day more than 3000 people die from road traffic accidents. Developing countries account for 90% of global road traffic deaths. Road traffic accidents are being the critical public health problem that causes disabilities and death in Nigeria which could need due investigations. Therefore, the aim of this study was to determine the Prevalence of Road Traffic Accident and Associated Risk Factors among Drivers in Bauchi State, Nigeria.1.2. Methods: cross-sectional study design was conducted among drivers in Bauchi State, Nigeria from December, 2020 to January, 2021. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. Results:The result shows that 300 participants responded to the questionnaire. The overall road traffic accident prevalence was 115 (38.3%). Conclusion:The prevalence of road traffic accident revealed in this study is of public health significance. RTA-related causalities are extremely high in Nigeria. Male young adults and vulnerable road users are at increased risk of RTA. The most perceived cause of road traffic accidents mentioned was an overcrowded road which is shared by drivers, pedestrians, and animals. There-fore, there is an urgent need for bringing road safety to the country's public health agenda. AIDS, tuberculosis and diarrhoeal diseases [9] and the deaths due to RTAs are predicted to become the fifth-leading cause of death

Background: Worldwide, 663 million people do not have access to improved drinking water supplies and 2.5 billion people lack access to improved sanitation including one billion who practice open defecation. Eighty-eight percent (88%) of deaths from diarrheal diseases are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation, and insufficient hygiene practices. So this study is aimed at assessing water, sanitation and hygiene practice among rural communities of Gulu Kano, Nigeria. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gulu from January, 2019 to February, 2019. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. Results: The result shows that 300 participants responded to the questionnaire. The majority of respondents used unprotected spring 70 (23.3%) followed by protected hand dug well 65 (21.7%) for all domestic use. Most of the respondents 205 (68.3%) had covered their stored water and practiced pouring method to withdraw water from the stored container. Majority 204 (68%) of households had access to water within a time of 30 minutes or less. House hold water treatment was not common in the study area, only 25 (8.3%) households practiced. About one hundred and ninety-nine (66.3%) households had latrine facility, of which 208 (69.3%) was open Pit latrine without slab. Of those households having latrine only 111 (37%) households had hand washing facility. Conclusion: This study revealed that most of the respondents had poor water, sanitation and hygiene practice. Thus, it underscores that there should be great attention and further research and interventions are required to search for other sources of water and mobilize and educate the community towards protecting the water sources.

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Background: Malaria causes an overwhelmingly large number of cases and deaths round the globe every year. Insecticide treated mosquito nets (ITNs) have raised a renewed interest to serve as tools for malaria control in Africa. This survey was, therefore, designed to provide information about the knowledge, attitude and experience of the community about malaria as a disease and its preventive methods, particularly acceptability, affordability and compliance to the use of insecticide treated mosquito nets, and factors influencing its possession and utilization of ITNs among Gyadi-Gyadi communities in Kano, Nigeria. Methods: A community based cross-sectional study was conducted in Gyadi-Gyadi from March 2019 to April 2019. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. Results: The result shows that 341 participants responded to the questionnaire. 64.5% of the respondents had heard about the mosquito net. 45% of the respondents in the survey reported the presence of at least one mosquito net in their households. 69.2% of the participants perceived fever, headache and chilling of the body as the main symptoms of malaria. Conclusion: The utilization of mosquito nets at the time of the study was very low. However, acceptability and willingness to use ITNs for malaria prevention was very high. It is recommended that communities should be strongly sensitized on the importance of ITNs for malaria control, and the availability and affordability should be insured.

Tuberculosis is one of the major public health problems in Kano. With the occurrence of multi-drug resistant tuberculosis, little is known about the views of health care workers on this disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the knowledge, attitudes, and practices of healthcare professionals about prevention and control of Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) at Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH), Kano, Nigeria. A cross-sectional study was conducted at Infectious Diseases Hospital (IDH), Kano, Nigeria from November, 2018 to December, 2018. Data was collected using a pretested structured questionnaire. The data obtained were analyzed using SPSS software package (SPSS 16.0). Descriptive analysis was performed to obtain the frequency distribution of the variables. The results of this study indicate that, overall, less than half (68%) of respondents had good level of knowledge of MDR-TB; but the overwhelming majority of them held negative attitude towards patients with MDR-TB. In conclusion, less than half of respondents had good level of knowledge about MDR-TB, but 28.7% of them held negative attitude towards patients suffering from MDR-TB. Although the level of knowledge of MDR-TB was found not to have influenced the attitude of respondents towards patients suffering from MDR-TB; and that their attitude did not influence practices, good level of knowledge was positively associated with safer practices such as using protective masks, educating patients on MDR-TB, and referring to the MDR-TB guidelines manual. An educational remedial intervention and in-service training on the MDR-TB is recommended for all professionals especially primary health care workers.

Vaginitis is usually caused by a change in the normal balance of vaginal microbes, an infection or reduced oestrogen levels after menopause leading to variety of infections by bacteria, fungi and viruses. The study aimed to determine the prevalence of vaginitis and its associated risk factors among women attending antenatal care center of Wudil general hospital, Kano Nigeria. A total of 352 High Vaginal Swab and serum samples were collected from women attending antenatal care centre of Wudil general hospital. The samples were processed and screened for the presence of Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis and Treponema pallidum through culture and microscopy and serum venereal disease research laboratory (VDRL) test. The risk factors were assessed using a designed questionnaire and analysed using Multivariate logistic modelling. The prevalence of C. albicans, T. vaginalis and Treponema pallidum were found to be 32.38%, 18.46 %, and 4.83%, respectively(p≤0.05). The result showed that the risk factors that are significantly associated with the prevalence of vaginitis were active sex age (26 – 30) years, educational status and number of participants husband’s wives. The study identifies that C. albicans is the major cause of vaginitis, and is insignificantly associated with active sex age educational status and number of participants husband’s wives. Keywords: Candida albicans, Trichomonas vaginalis, Treponema pallidum, Pregnant Women