Paper pulper machines a capacity of 83 litres/process must have a low-cost material, robust and safe to operate. Paper pulper machine components analysed are tubes, frames, helical screw shaft and the shaft holder. The method uses a static structural analysis to obtain von mises stress and displacement. Static structural analysis uses finite element analysis with the help of CATIA® Software. The safe component size and lowest cost (safety factor more than 2.5) were selected in this study. Calculation of costs by multiplying the size of the material needs by material prices. Tube components use SUS 304 with thickness variations of 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 1.5, and 2mm. Frame and shaft holder using L shape ASTM A36 size 40x40mm and 50 x50 mm with thickness variations of 3, 4, and 5 mm respectively. Variations in material size are determined based on standard material sizes available on the market. The simulation result of each component shows the thicker the material, the lower the von mises stress, the lower the displacement and the higher safety factor. Tubes with a thickness of 0.5mm have a von mises stress of 4.43 MPa, a displacement of 4.7 x 104 mm with SF 56.4 is safe and were chosen because of the lowest material costs (IDR 360,009). The frame size was chosen 40x40x3 mm based on the SF frame value (26) with the lowest material cost (IDR 197,800). The shaft holder is also chosen for the size of 40x40x3mm where the SF value (3834) and the lowest material cost (IDR 14,400). Helical screw shaft size is chosen at 0.5mm thickness where SF is 304 and material costs IDR 100,968. The overall results of the static structural analysis on various sizes of the paper pulper machine components showed ovon under Oyield, small displacement, and SF is safe.
This paper presents a static structural analysis of the Sports Utility Vehicles (SUV) Patriot chassis uses a type of ladder frame with 440 G JIS STAM carbon steel tube and bracket material is AISI 1020. Static load on the patriot chassis is varied in a normal load and an extreme load. The element method simulation is carried out on the chassis until the horizontal chassis position is 0˚, 30˚ downhill and 30˚ uphill. Static structural analysis on the patriot chassis frame using the finite element method found that the overall design is safe under various load variations and support variations. Applied normal load with a total of 4 supports (4 wheels) on the patriot chassis design which is varied by its tilt, show that the 0˚ chassis position produces the highest von mises stress (86.1 MPa) and the highest displacement (0.38mm). The results of extreme loading on various supports of the 3 wheels alternately patriot chassis design show that the highest von mises stress (264 MPa) and the highest displacement (5.11 mm) occurs at 0˚ chassis position with rear right not support. The factor of safety from various variations in loaded, tilt position, and the number of supports of the Patriot chassis design is more than 1 so that the chassis design is declared safe.
This study aims to analyse the structural design of a village car chassis that uses a ladder frame type to simulate extreme road conditions in countryside areas. The research method used is finite element analysis. The material used for the simulation is Carbon steel tube JIS G 3472 STAM, STAM 440 G and for the bracket used Carbon Steel AISI 1020 (UNS G10200). The load simulation was varied from the chassis conditions of 0°, 15° uphill, and 15° downhill. The pedestal conditions on the chassis are varied from 4 wheels to 3 wheels. The variation of loads applied to the chassis structure consists of 1) normal loads and 2) extreme loads. Based on the data from the analysis of static loading on the village car chassis, the maximum stress generated was 297 N/mm2 in the 15° uphill chassis conditions without the support of one right rear wheel. The maximum displacement was 12.2 mm in 15° uphill conditions without the support of one left rear wheel. The average value of von mises stress on the chassis was 156.41 N/mm2 with an average safety factor value of 2.19 and an average displacement value of 4.36 mm. It can be concluded that the chassis design is safe to withstand dynamic loads according to industry specifications.
The rotor is one of the vital components of a wind turbine. In the design of the rotor, the expected result is the most optimal power. This purpose study is to optimization of the Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine power of various parameters such as airfoil, angle of attack, and pitch angle. Airfoils (NACA 4412-2412 T.E. mod, NACA 2412-4412 T.E. mod, NACA 4412-2412 L.E. mod, NACA 2412-4412 L.E. mod), angle of attack (0, 2, 4, 6), and pitch angle (0, 1, 2, 3) are the parameter variations used. The simulation method uses BEM (Blade Element Momentum), and the Taguchi for optimization is based on the L16 orthogonal array matrix. The ANOVA has to determine the contribution of each parameter to the HAWT power generated. Simulation and optimization results show that the most optimal parameter was a NACA airfoil 4412-2412 L.E mod, at 0˚ angle of attack and 0˚ pitch angle, with the resulting power reaching 1015780 Watt. The ANOVA analysis shows the airfoil parameter has the greatest contribution to the rotor power of the HAWT compared to the angle of attack and pitch angle.
Selama empat belas abad ini, khazanah intelektual Islam telah diperkaya dengan berbagai macam perspektif dan pendekatan dalam menafsirkan al-Quran. Di antaranya adalah dengan menggunakan metode tematik. Metode tafsir tematik adalah menetapkan topik atau masalah yang akan dibahas kemudian menghimpun ayat-ayat yang mempunyai pengertian yang sama dengan topik dan dilengkapi dengan hadis-hadis yang relevan dengan pokok bahasan dan yang perlu dicatat topik yang dibahas diusahakan pada persoalan yang langsung menyentuh kepentingan msyarakat agar Al-Qur’an sebagai petunjuk hidup dapat memberi jawaban terhadap problem masyarakat itu. Secara bahasa “صَبَرَ” dapat berarti tabah hati, manahan, menanggung, mencegah, sedangkan secara istilah sabar dapat berarti mencegah dalam kesempitan, memlihara diri dari kehendak akal dan syara’ dan dari hal yang menuntut untuk memeliharanya. Adapun term-term lain yang identik dengan “صَبْر” Sabar adalah Iffah (عِفَّة), Hilm (حِلْم), Qana’ah (قَنَعَةُ), dan Zuhud.Terkait sabar dalam al Qur’an, ditemukan beberpa konsep bahwa sabar dalam beberapa hal, yaitu; sabar dalam ketaatan, sabar dalam menghadapi kemaksiatan, sabar dalam mengingat perbuatan dosa dan sabar dalam meghadapi kesulitan.
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