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The persistence of antibiotics in sewage wastewater treatment plants in recent years has emerged as a serious issue. This study therefore evaluated three types of natural zeolites (i.e., NZ01, NZ02, and NZ03) for the removal of selected antibiotics namely tetracycline (TC) and oxytetracycline (OTC) from aqueous solution. The physical and chemical properties of the natural zeolites were characterized using various analytical techniques and the antibiotic removal studies were carried out in a batch adsorption experiment evaluated at various experimental conditions. The highest adsorption capacity was 62.5 and 76.3 mmol/g for TC and OTC, respectively, observed for NZ02 at pH values between 7 and 8. The adsorption of TC and OTC followed the Langmuir and Temkin isotherm models, respectively, whereas the adsorption kinetic data obeyed the Elovich kinetic model. The regeneration study on NZ02 indicated that it can still remove TC and OTC after five adsorption/desorption cycles. The removal efficiency of TC and OTC also improved from approximately 5-39 and 28%, respectively, by addition of NZ02 during the coagulation/flocculation process. These results thus demonstrated the applicability of the natural zeolites, especially NZ02, for the removal of TC and OTC from aqueous solution; hence the potential for the application in sewage treatment process for removal of antibiotics through either conventional adsorption/desorption or adsorptive coagulation/flocculation (ACF) process.

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Immobilized nanoscale zero‐valent iron on natural zeolite (NI‐NZ) was synthesized for remediation of antibiotics‐contaminated wastewater. A series of characterization methods confirmed the success of preventing the agglomeration of nanoscale zero‐valent iron particles, using natural zeolite as supporting media. The equilibrium data fitted well with the Langmuir and Temkin models, whereas the pseudo‐second‐order and Elovich kinetic models were suitable to describe the kinetic data. The versatility of NI‐NZ was also tested in a coagulation‐flocculation process which increased the removal of tetracycline from 10 to 75 %.