Bacteria are inactivated using a technique called photodynamic inactivation, which combines light with a photosensitizer with the right spectrum. The objective of this study is to ascertain the eciency of purple LEDs for photoinactivating Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria as well as the ideal purple LED exposure energy density. This study technique involves exposing bacteria to purple LED radiation. Two elements of variation are used during irradiation. The first variation is the illumination variation at distances of 3 cm, 6 cm, 9 cm, and 12 cm. The second variation involves changing the amount of radiation for 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes. The Total Plate Count (TPC) method was used to count the number of colonies. Statistical tests were utilized in data analysis, namely the One Way Anova test (analysis of variance). The results of this study indicated that 395 nm purple LED irradiation caused a decrease in Log CFU/mL of Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli bacteria. Inactivation of Bacillus subtilis bacteria showed a higher mortality percentage than Escherichia coli bacteria. Changes in other irradiation distances also showed a higher percentage of death for Bacillus subtilis bacteria than Escherichia coli bacteria. The highest percentage of death was 98.5% for Bacillus subtilis bacteria and 94.3% for Escherichia coli bacteria at position C with an irradiation distance of 3 cm and an energy density of 524 J/cm2 with an LED exposure time of 120 minutes. This shows that the percentage of death of bacteria Bacillus subtilis and Escherichia coli increased with increasing doses of LED energy with the greatest percentage of death in Gram-positive bacteria Bacillus subtilis.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disease or disorder characterized by high blood sugar levels as well as impaired carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism due to insulin function insufficiency. Insulin deficiency can be caused by impaired or deficient insulin production by Langerhans beta cells in the pancreas or by a lack of responsiveness of the body's cells to insulin. This study aims to the effects of electrostimulation on the ameliorative (improves disease manifestations) or renoprotective (protects the kidneys) in a diabetic rat model using noninvasive (electrical stimulation with the magnetic and nonmagnetic electrode) and invasive (using needles) methods. This study used 25 female rats, with a normal control group (KN), a diabetes control group (KD), a needle treatment group (A), an electro-stimulator treatment group with a magnetic electrode (M), and an ES group with a nonmagnetic electrode (ES) (L). The electro-stimulator used AES-05 with a magnetic field strength of 90 mT at two acupoints, Pishu (BL20) and Shenshu (BL23). The treatment was administered 12 times in one month with a therapy time of 6.6 minutes per session. Body weight and blood sugar levels were compared before and after the treatment. After treatment, the diameter of the islets of Langerhans, as well as levels of creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), was measured. Furthermore, statistical analysis was performed (α = 0.05). The results of this study showed that electrical stimulation treatments with needle-invasive, noninvasive magnetic electrodes, and nonmagnetic electrodes significantly reduced diabetic rats’ blood glucose levels before and after the treatment. The analysis of the diameter of the islets of Langerhans revealed a significant difference between the treatment groups. The analysis of creatinine levels revealed a significant difference between groups, but creatinine levels in the group with the magnetic electrode (0.58 ± 0.17 mg/dL) were not significantly different from the control group (0.58 ± 0.07 mg/dL). The BUN test results revealed a significant difference compared with the diabetic control group, but no significant difference with the magnetic electrode treatment group. Conclusion. Based on the results, the most effective therapy for diabetes is a noninvasive method with magnetic (M) electrodes.
Purpose: This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of infrared LEDs with a magnetic solenoid field in lowering the quantity of gram-positive Staphylococcus aureus and gram-negative Escherichia coli bacteria, as well as the best exposure period and energy dose for inactivating these bacteria. Method: Research has been performed on a photodynamic therapy technique called photodynamic inactivation (PDI), which combines infrared LED light with a wavelength range of 951–952 nm and a solenoid magnetic field with a strength of 0–6 mT. The two, taken together, can potentially harm the target structure biologically. Infrared LED light and an AC-generated solenoid magnetic field are both applied to bacteria to measure the reduction in viability. Three different treatments infrared LED, solenoid magnetic field, and an amalgam of infrared LED and solenoid magnetic field, were used in this study. A factorial statistical ANOVA analysis was utilized in this investigation. Results: The maximum bacterial production was produced by irradiating a surface for 60 min at a dosage of 0.593 J/cm2, according to the data. The combined use of infrared LEDs and a magnetic field solenoid resulted in the highest percentage of fatalities for Staphylococcus aureus, which was 94.43 s. The highest percentage of inactivation for Escherichia coli occurred in the combination treatment of infrared LEDs and a magnetic field solenoid, namely, 72.47 ± 5.06%. In contrast, S. aureus occurred in the combined treatment of infrared LEDs and a magnetic field solenoid, 94.43 ± 6.63 percent. Conclusion: Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli germs are inactivated using infrared illumination and the best solenoid magnetic fields. This is evidenced by the rise in the proportion of bacteria that died in treatment group III, which used a magnetic solenoid field and infrared LEDs to deliver a dosage of 0.593 J/cm2 over 60 min. According to the research findings, the magnetic field of the solenoid and the infrared LED field significantly impact the gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and the gram-negative bacteria E. coli.
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