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This paper provides a comparative study on the performance of different modulation options for orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) in terms of their spectral efficiency, reliability, peak-to-average power ratio, power efficiency, out-of-band emission, and computational complexity. The modulation candidates are classified into two main categories based on the signal plane dimension they exploit. These categories are: 1) 2-D signal plane category including conventional OFDM with classical fixed or adaptive QAM modulation and OFDM with differential modulation, where information is conveyed in changes between two successive symbols in the same subcarrier or between two consecutive subcarriers in the same OFDM symbol and 2) 3-D signal plane category encompassing: a) index-based OFDM modulation schemes which include: i) spatial modulation OFDM, where information is sent by the indices of antennas along with conventional modulated symbols and ii) OFDM with index modulation, where the subcarriers' indices are used to send additional information; b) number-based OFDM modulation schemes which include OFDM with subcarrier number modulation, in which number of subcarriers is exploited to convey additional information; and c) shape-based OFDM modulation schemes which include OFDM with pulse superposition modulation, where the shape of pulses is introduced as a third new dimension to convey additional information. Based on the provided comparative study, the relationship and interaction between these different modulation options and the requirements of future 5G networks are discussed and explained. This paper is then concluded with some recommendations and future research directions.

A novel transmission scheme is introduced for efficient data transmission by conveying additional information bits through jointly changing the index and number of active subcarriers within each orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) subblock. The proposed scheme is different from the conventional OFDM-subcarrier number modulation (OFDM-SNM) and OFDM-index modulation (OFDM-IM), in which data bits are transmitted using either number or index of active subcarriers. The proposed modulation technique offers superior spectral and energy efficiency compared to its counterparts OFDM-SNM and OFDM-IM, especially at low modulation orders such as binary phase shift keying (BPSK) that can provide high reliability and low complexity, making it suitable for Internet of Things (IoT) applications that require better spectral and energy efficiency while enjoying high reliability and low complexity. Bit error rate (BER) performance analysis is provided for the proposed scheme, and Monte Carlo simulations are presented to prove the consistency of simulated BER with the analyzed one.A. M. Jaradat is with

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Problem statement: Automating semi-automatic dynamic machines and complex systems, where some functionalities are already automated but the machine doesn't run fully in automatic mode, represents another challenge to automating dynamic and manual complex systems. This study deals with a special case of this general problem, where the system's semi-automatic and automatic functionalities run separately in a sequence with either automatic and/or semi-automatic functionality running at any point of time, but not both. Approach: Petri-nets can successfully represent the operations of both the semi-automated and fully-automated functionalities of such dynamic systems. Three roles for the programmable logic controllers were suggested: (a) Ignoring the presence of the semi-automatic part, (b) simulating the semi-automatic part and recognizing discrepancies and(c) simulating the semi-automatic functionalities and supporting it, where the last choice was most costly and most reliable. Results: This study presents a case study for a PVC mixing dynamic process to illustrate the three suggested controller design possibilities, where a Petri net model and related ladder logic program were developed to show these three controller design options. In this respect, the semiautomatic functionality is an intermediate step between the two automated functionalities, within which an important decision should be made to end the previous automatic step and to begin the next automatic step. Conclusion/Recommendations: The automation method that was introduced in this study is applicable to a large number of machines within industrial and mechanical systems that were built using older semi-automatic control systems. Various decision analyses {DA1, DA2, DA3} were shown to produce basic choices for such types of applications. Petri-nets and ladder logic in this respect can successfully represent the operations of both the semi-automated and fully-automated functionalities, where a Petri net model and the consequent ladder logic program, used to program the utilized programmable logic controller, are developed to show three possible controller designs, where the choice between three designs depend on the designers objective of cost, reliability and fault tolerance.

Radar and communication coexistence is an upcoming technology with numerous research opportunities in the medium access control (MAC) layer, particularly in scheduling and radio resource management (RRM). More efficient scheduling algorithms are needed with the wide range of applications that the wireless environment is experiencing. We investigate an echo-based scenario in the radar-aided vehicular communication system in which an echo is reflected from a target. Unlike the conventional scheduling mechanisms where signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) is exploited, this paper proposes a new radar-aided communication scheduling algorithm by utilizing parameters such as range and velocity with the classical SINR measurements. The proposed algorithm schedules the available resources by extracting information from the radar echo. The proposed radar-aided communication scheduling scheme provides a more flexible design by adding new parameters, resulting in a more efficient algorithm in a broad variety of scenarios. The proposed scheme is beneficial for B5G communication systems that allow localization and sensing as key features of next-generation wireless networks.INDEX TERMS Radar-aided communication scheduling, range, medium access control (MAC), radio resource management (RRM), scheduling, signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR), velocity, 5G new radio (NR) and beyond (B5G).

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