Olivine single phase of LiFePO4 was successfully synthesized by solid-state reaction (SSR) method through the formation of Fe2P2O7 from precursors of Li2CO3, F2O3, NH4H2PO4, and LiF as materials doping. Variations at temperatures of calcination 670 0C, 700 0C and 750 0C with doped 0.1F. TGA-DSC test results show that the LFP sample undergoes decomposition in the temperature range 0-600 0C. The olivine phase formed at temperatures of more than 650 0C and the oxidation process on the LiFePO4/C sample was completed, and the sample mass was constant. The olivine phase formed was determined by comparing the 2𝜃 value obtained through characterization with the ICDD LFP (01-081-1173), and accordingly with experiment. The increase of the temperature results from a dominant LFP phase with a larger grain size. The effect of increasing the calcination temperature at 0.1F has resulted in an enlargement of the particle size.
⎯ biodiesel fuel is a mixture of diesel oil mixed with vegetable oil (palm). The composition of the mixture affects its properties, especially viscosity and density. The research was conducted to determine the effect of increasing temperature on these properties. By applying several experimental methods, including the ASTM D 445-95 method, the pycnometer method, and the particulate emission test method. The biodiesel test was carried out with variations in temperature of 30 o C, 40 o C, 50 o C, 60 o C, and 70 o C at room conditions of 24.0 o C temperature and 71% humidity. From the temperature variation, the viscosity is 2.23 cSt, 2.61 cSt, 3.1 cSt, 3.7 cSt, and 4.45 cSt. The results of the research prove that the increase in biodiesel temperature affects decreasing viscosity and density which has an impact on reducing particulate emissions.
Propeller is one of the important components of a ship. Generally, propellers are made of aluminum which is easily damaged when hit by waves and corrosion. The development is done by adding brass (Cu-Zn) on ADC 12. The sample was successfully made with a ratio of 70% ADC 12 : 30% Cu-Zn using the casting method and then cooled at room temperature followed by die casting and sand casting processes. The sample was tested for hardness using the Rockwell method according to the ASTM E18 standard and the microstructure test on the sample. Based on the test results obtained an average hardness level of 72.6 HRC and the formation of Al-Si-Mg, α-Al, Cu, Zn in the sample which shows the distribution of non-ferrous material in ADC-12. Keywords : ADC 12; Cu-Zn; propeller; microstructure; hardness
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