INTRODUCTION:The prevalence of sleepy driving and sleep-related accidents (SRA) varies widely, and no data exist regarding the prevalence of sleepy driving in Saudi Arabia. Therefore, this study was designed to determine the prevalence and predictors of sleepy driving, near-misses, and SRA among drivers in Saudi Arabia.MATERIALS AND METHODS:A questionnaire was developed to assess sleep and driving in detail based on previously published data regarding sleepy driving. The questionnaire included 50 questions addressing socio-demographics, the Epworth Sleepiness Scale (ESS), driving items, and the Berlin Questionnaire. In total, 1,219 male drivers in public places were interviewed face-to-face.RESULTS:The included drivers had a mean age of 32.4 ± 11.7 years and displayed a mean ESS score of 7.2 ± 3.8. Among these drivers, 33.1% reported at least one near-miss accident caused by sleepiness. Among those who had actual accidents, 11.6% were attributed to sleepiness. In the past six months, drivers reported the following: 25.2% reported falling asleep at least once during, driving and 20.8% had to stop driving at least once because of severe sleepiness. Young age, feeling very sleepy during driving, and having at least one near-miss accident caused by sleepiness in the past six months were the only predictors of accidents.CONCLUSION:Sleepy driving is prevalent among male drivers in Saudi Arabia. Near-miss accidents caused by sleepiness are an important risk factor for car accidents and should be considered as a strong warning signal of future accidents.

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Background: The association between restless leg syndrome (RLS) and inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) has often been an under-investigated and clinically misdiagnosed entity. An emphasis should be made on the severity and associated factors, as the prevalence of both entities is on the rise globally. In this study we aimed to investigate the prevalence, severity and associated risk factors of RLS in patients with IBD. Methods: A multi-center, prospective cross-sectional study was conducted with age and gender matched controls in the ratio of 1:3. Cases of IBD were confirmed according to European Crohns and Colitis Organization guidelines. The study recruited 377 cases and 1131 age and gender-matched controls. RLS severity and prevalence was determined using a validated International Restless Legs Syndrome Study Group questionnaire. The anthropometric and blood biochemical measurements were retrieved from the patient's medical records. Associated factors were analyzed by regression analysis. Results: The prevalence of RLS in patients with IBD and non-IBD control groups was 21.5% and 9.7%, respectively ( P = 0.001). The severity index of RLS symptoms in all the three categories of mild, moderate and severe RLS was higher in the IBD group ( P = 0.001). Obesity (BMI >30 Kg/m 2 ) was more prevalent in patients with IBD with RLS than without RLS (21.9%: 10.3%, P = 0.009). Ages between 46 and 59 years (OR = 18.7 [2.6–29.4], P = 0.008), obesity (OR = 22 [2.6–29.4], P = 0.005), higher TSH levels (OR = 1.7 [1.0–3.0], P = 0.033), and lower hemoglobin levels ( P = 0.028) showed a greater risk associated with RLS. Conclusion: Prevalence and severity of RLS was higher in patients with IBD. The risk factors for RLS in IBD include increasing age, obesity, higher TSH, and lower hemoglobin.

weeks o f C P A P therapy. In itia lly , serum levels o f V E G F and n itrite -n itra te in O S A patients were significantly higher and lower, respectively, compared to controls.A d d itio n a lly , V E G F levels negatively correlated w ith no ctu rn a l oxygen saturation. However, treatm e nt w ith C P A P fo r 12 weeks sig nifica ntly reduced V E G F levels and sig nifica ntly increased n itrite -n itra te levels in O S A patients. N o differences in E P O and E N D O -1 were fo u n d between O S A patients and controls.The bo dy responds to severe and sustained hypoxia th ro u g h a num ber o f adaptive mechanisms th a t aim to im prove tissue perfusion and oxygenation, such as in creasing the levels o f E P O . S h o rte r and m ild e r in te rm it te n t n o ctu rn a l hypoxia may n o t stim ulate the release o f E P O o r in itia te o th e r adaptive mechanisms. W in n ic k i et al showed an increase in E P O levels in patients w ith severe O S A ; however, E P O levels rem ained stable in