Background and Aim: Many environmental factors exist that influence embryonic development which is missing in the poultry industry, such as light in incubation facilities or hatcheries. Light plays an important role in the growth and development of chick embryos, whereas dark environments can lead to hatching failure or embryo distortion. Therefore, this study aimed to demonstrate the importance of light and its various colors on the growth and development of broiler chick embryos. Materials and Methods: Four treatments were used to study the impact of various light colors on the growth of embryos and their neurophysiological traits: Dark without light (D), red light (RL), blue light (BL), and green light (GL), with three replicates per treatment (25 eggs/replicate) for a total of 300 fertile Ross 308 eggs. Each treatment was assigned to one incubator (75 eggs/incubator), whereas all other conditions were kept the same. Results: The results showed a significant increase (p<0.01) in embryonic development for embryo weight, chick body weight, hatchability, and embryo index for RL, BL, and especially GL. RL, BL, and especially GL significantly increased (p<0.01) neurophysiological traits of the neurons, brain weight, and brain index. Conclusion: The use of light during the embryonic period affects the development of the embryo and its neurophysiological traits.

This study was conducted at the local hatchery in Ramadi, Anbar Iraq from 1st to 23th Dec. 2018, to 26 Feb 2019. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effect of injected eggs hatching in times and different concentrations of Biotin in growth and embryonic development, hatchability. Six hundred eggs of hatching types (Ross 308) and injected with different concentrations of biotin at age of 0 days (before placing in the hatchery) and 18 days of incubation. Eggs were divided into five groups (120 eggs for each) as follows: 1.T0: Control group placed in the hatchery without injection. 2.T1: Injected with a dose of 100 μg biotin at age of zero. 3. T2: Injected with dose 75 μg biotin at age zero. 4.T3: Injected with a dose of 100 μg biotin at age 18 days of incubation. 5.T4: Injected with a dose of 4175 μg biotin at age of 18 days of incubation. Statistical analysis was performed (CRD) (P=0.065) results show: Increase length of the embryo, diameter of vascular region and number of pairs of somites at 3 days of incubation for T2. Increase percentage of embryonic weight, decrease the percentage of albumin and the percentage of at 7 days of incubation for T1 and T2. Increase in percentage of embryonic weight and amniotic sac and liquid, decrease in the percentage of albumin and yolk, at 14 days of incubation for T2. Increase percentage of embryonic weight, decrease the percentage of yolk at the age of 17 days incubation for T2. Increase hatchability of total eggs and fertile eggs. Decrease embryonic mortality and different stages of embryonic development. Concluded that In-Ovo injection of the hatching eggs with biotin contributed to increase physiological traits and embryonic development.

Background: Sexual differentiation can occur after exposure to aromatase into the left gonad at 6.5 days of incubation. Aromatase inhibitors work by inhibiting the action of the aromatase, which converts androgens into estrogens by a process called aromatization. Objectives:The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of in ovo exposure to the aromatase inhibitor from tomato and garlic extract on sexual differentiation and embryonic development in chicken embryos.Methods: Three hundred eggs divided into five groups: Control 1 (CO; no injection); control 2 distilled water, DW; 0.1 ml/egg); garlic extract (GAR; 0.1 mg/egg); tomato extract (TOM; 0.1 mg/egg); and garlic and tomato extract mixed (ATM, 0.1 ml/egg).The solution was prepared and injected into the albumin from the thin end of the eggs on day five by using a 1 ml syringe with a 23-gauge needle. The embryonic test (embryo/egg weight) conducted at 7, 14 and 17 days of incubation. After hatching, feather sexing conducted to determine the initial male. Chicks sex was later confirmed on day 42 by an optical microscope lens. Results:The results revealed that there was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in embryonic growth traits in all experimental treatments as compared to control treatments.There was a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the percentage of hatchability for all experimental treatments compared to control treatments and a significant increase (p < 0.01) in chick quality including one-day-old chick length and body weight. All experimental treatments showed a significant increase (p < 0.01) in the male-to-female ratio compared to control treatments. Conclusions:The effect of in ovo exposure to aromatase inhibitors stimulated femaleto-male sex reversal and improved embryonic development.

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