Context: Mandible is the lower jaw bone providing attachment of muscles of mastication and facial expression and provides pathway for inferior alveolar nerve and vessels. Adequate anaesthesia is a prerequisite of most of the dental procedures. Effective pain control in dentistry may be achieved by the local anaesthetic techniques; the most common procedures which are followed by the inferior alveolar nerve block. Therefore, identification of mandibular foramen is important for dental surgeons in nerve block and surgical procedures to avoid injury to neurovascular bundle. The aim of this study was to determine the position of the mandibular foramen from various anatomical landmarks. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional analytical type of study was carried out in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka on one hundred and eighty five (185) dry adult human mandibles of unknown sex. Position of mandibular foramen was determined using the distance of the mandibular foramen to (a) the anterior border of the ramus (b) the posterior border of the ramus (c) the mandibular notch (d) the head of the mandible (e) the posterior edge of third molar socket and (f) the symphysis menti which were measured with the help of digital sliding calipers. Results: The mandibular foramen was at the same distance from each landmark on both sides demonstrating symmetry. There was no significant difference in the values on the right and left sides of the mandibles. Conclusion: Anatomical knowledge of this study might be useful in certain surgical procedure. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i2.20671 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2013, Vol. 11 No. 2 pp 58-61
Context : The sacrum generally is composed of five vertebrae fused to form a triangular bony mass with four pairs of sacral foramina. The sacrum may contain six vertebrae, by development of an additional sacral element or by incorporation of the fifth lumbar or first coccygeal vertebrae produces five pairs of sacral foramina. Sacralization is entirely undiagnosable without an X-ray examination and rarely present any symptoms. Sacra of six bodies with five pairs of sacral foramina are found frequently in the department of anatomy during routine study of bones. Material and Methods: The present study was performed on 218 (two hundred eighteen) adult human dry sacra of unknown sex. The study samples were distributed into male and female sex groups by discriminant function analysis The study was descriptive type and was conducted in the department of Anatomy, Dhaka Medical College, Dhaka, from January 2011 to December 2011. The sacrum was examined to assess the number of its vertebral segments and sacral foramina. Result : A typical sacrum consisting of 5 segments with four pairs of sacral foramina was observed in 78.9 % cases, while sacralisation with five pairs of sacral foramina was seen in 21.10 % of cases. Conclusion: The number of vertebrae in sacrum may be increased by fusion of fifth lumbar vertebra or first coccygeal vertebra producing sacralization. The knowledge of significant number of sacralization is necessary in managing spinal surgery and for diagnostic and therapeutic purpose in low back pain. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bja.v11i2.20670 Bangladesh Journal of Anatomy, July 2013, Vol. 11 No. 2 pp 54-57
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