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This paper highlights three major aspects of gender differences in employment in Haifa, Israel (1972 and 1983): commuting distance, place of residence, and employment location. In 1972 working womenaposs residences were more central‐city‐oriented, whereas in 1983 they were more suburbanized. Commuting distances increased between 1972 and 1983 for both sexes, but more for men than for women. This shorter “female'’distance is related to the location of employment and its occupational segregation. The lower commuting values in Haifa compared to other places relate to the size, housing patterns, and structure of the study area, and to its levels of suburbanization and automobile ownership.

Each of the many assumptions of von Thünen's crop theory may be relaxed separately. Although these exercises demonstrate the flexibility of the theory, few attempts have been made to relax more than one assumption at a time. The theory has been applied widely and internationally at three scales, namely the microscale, mesoscale, and macroscale. The microscale relates to distances from famers' homes to their fields. The mesoscale relates to land uses around single urban centres and to urban pressures on agricultural production at the urban fringe. The macroscale is an attempt to uncover land-use rings at continental and global scales. A major future challenge for the theory is the possible incorporation of Marxist notions.

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Cyberspace constitutes the virtual spatial platform for information sharing/distribution and for communications, serving both sedentary and mobile people in physical space. Since its introduction in the mid-1980s, and much more so since the emergence of the Internet, based on cyberspace, in the mid-1990s, it has attracted the attention of geographers. Being students of the discipline`in charge' of physical and social space, geographers have attempted mainly to interpret and examine cyberspace from the perspective of physical space, thus wondering if it constitutes a companion, counterpart, or just another component of the well-known and material physical space (see eg Dodge and Kitchin, 2001;Graham, 1998). The vast adoption of mobile phones and the Internet in the 2000s has diverted attention from virtual space to its users, the globally mobile people, and to mobility at large (see eg Kellerman, 2006a;Urry, 2007). Bourriaud termed this new age, at least for the arts, altermodern (see eg Tate Britain, 2009).As recently as 2007, Arminen claimed that``the current vision seems to be that mobile communication converges with the increase in local wireless networks. This will lead to a development not foreseen some years ago ... . The convergence will merge the Internet and the mobile telephone as we know them now'' (page 435). Recent developments and innovations in ICTs (information and communications technologies) and their wide and growing adoption have brought about this merger and have changed the status of cyberspace vis-a© -vis physical space, as well as that of users of information and communications devices. The most important change regarding cyberspace has been its permanent and instant availability to users. This`natural' access and use of cyberspace has brought about its integration and convergence with physical space, at least from the perspective of users enjoying mobile broadband terminals and transmission systems.The objective of this paper is to highlight this change, its significance, and its potential implications. It should be clarified from the outset that the integration or

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