| Enteritis is an inflammatory reaction as a form of the body's response to the invasion of pathogenic microorganisms in the intestine. However, excessive formation of Nitric Oxide (NO) by inducible Nitrite Oxide Synthase (iNOS) during inflammation processes can trigger cellular toxicity and widespread intestinal tissue damage. Curcuma longa extract contains active compounds, such as curcumin, tannin, alkaloids, flavonoids, and has the potential as an antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, anti-toxicity, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, and anticoagulant. This study aimed to investigate the interactions of curcuminoid active compounds in Curcuma rhizome extract on iNOS compared to diclofenac sodium (a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug) through computational analysis to explore the potential of Curcuma as a herbal therapy candidate for poultry enteritis. Preparing the three-dimensional structure of iNOS, sodium diclofenac, and curcuminoid active compounds contained in Curcuma extract was the initial step of this study, followed by molecular docking analysis. The results of all molecule interactions were then visualized through Pymol and analyzed by Discovery Studio Visualizer software. The docking visualization results showed that the amino acid residues from iNOS that had the most interactions with ligands were His (421), LYS (261), Trp (203). Molecular docking results of the four active compounds showed that Bisdemethoxycurcumin had the lowest free energy (ΔG) value (-8.00 kcal/mol). The stable conformation location of two ligands (bisdemethoxycurcumin and curcumin) differs from sodium diclofenac, so the type of activity can be said to be a non-competitive inhibition. These results indicated that bisdemethoxycurcumin and curcumin have the potential as anti-inflammatory agents.
Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), which is a toxic compound produced by the filamentous fungus Aspergillus sp., is highly carcinogenic, damages vital organs, and may cause death. Prevention of aflatoxin poisoning through proper food storage and physical treatment is an added cost, thus there is a need to identify alternative methods including treatment with probiotic bacteria. We evaluated the effect of Lactobacillus bulgaricus on activating immune cells in mice exposed to Aflatoxin B1. The study used a post-test control design consisting of five treatment groups including a negative control, positive control, and T1, T2, and T3 groups treated with lactic acid bacteria at doses of 105 colony forming unit (CFU)/ml, 107 CFU/ml, and 109 CFU/ml, respectively, administered on days 7-28 and AFB1 at a dose of 0.2 mg/ kg bw orally on days 15-28. The relative number of lymphocytes consisting of CD11c+transforming growth factorbeta (TGF-β)+, CD4+CD8+, and B220+IgG+, was measured using flow cytometry. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test. The results indicated that L. bulgaricus bacteria increased the relative number of CD11c+TGF-β+, B220+IgG+, and CD4+CD8+ cells in mice exposed to the mycotoxin. Lactobacillus bulgaricus may function as an immunostimulator against mycotoxins by inducing the humoral and cellular immune response.
Background and Aim: Salmonellosis is an infectious disease that often occurs in chickens and is caused by Salmonella enteritidis. The use of antibiotics to prevent this disease can result in the development of resistance in pathogenic bacteria, in addition to the presence of antibiotic residues in consumed carcasses. Red ginger (Zingiber officinale var. rubrum) has active compounds that potentially act as immunomodulators which increase specific and non-specific immune responses through the induction of cytokine production. This study was conducted to determine the effects of red ginger powder mixed in feed for starter and finisher broiler chickens, based on the evaluation of the expression of immunoglobulin A (IgA), histopathologic description of the ileum and cecum, IgA, and immunoglobulin Y (IgY) expression in the spleen, and the isolation count of S. enteritidis in fresh fecal samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 100 starter and 100 finisher Cobb broiler chickens were divided into four groups, designated as T0, T1, T2, and T3, respectively: Group T0 was fed commercial feed with no added 2% red ginger powder or S. enteritidis induction, and served as a negative control; Group T1 was inoculated with a 0.25 mL S. enteritidis oral induction (1 × 107 colony-forming unit [CFU] [0.5 McFarland standard]), and served as a positive control; Group T2 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder; while Group T3 was fed with feed containing 2% red ginger powder and was orally inoculated with S. enteritidis with a dose similar to T1. The normal feed was given on the 1st–7th days. The mixture of 2% red ginger powder was given on the 7th–15th days. The S. enteritidis was induced on the 15th day (1 × 107 CFU). Necropsy was performed on the 16th day and tissues were fixed in 10% formalin and routinely processed for histopathologic and immunohistochemical analyses. The data were analyzed using a one-way analysis of variance test, Tukey's analysis, and the Mann–Whitney U non-parametric statistical analysis test. Results: The 2% red ginger powder was found to significantly (p < 0.05) increase IgA expression and additionally decrease tissue damage in the cecum and ileum. It also increased IgA and IgY expression in the spleen. In addition, a decrease was observed in the S. enteritidis number isolated from finisher fresh feces, but none was found in the isolated starter fresh feces. Conclusion: These findings indicate that the addition of red ginger powder to chicken feed is a potential natural immunomodulator against S. enteritidis infection.
Background: Foodborne diseases are caused by acquired pathogenic bacteria such as Salmonella enteritidis. It causes an intestinal imbalance and the microbial toxins found in the gastrointestinal tract induce symptoms such as diarrhea. Coffee contains active ingredients such as antioxidants and is used as an anti-inflammatory agent by reducing pro-inflammatory cytokine levels in the body. Aim: The purpose of this study was to determine the interaction between Lampung’s robusta coffee and tissue damage in chickens infected by S. enteritidis. Methods: This study used first-day-old Isa brown layer chickens (n = 60), which were divided into five treatment groups. The negative control group consisted of healthy and normal chickens, whereas the positive control group consisted of chickens infected with S. enteritidis bacteria at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml. Groups T1, T2, and T3 were given coffee extract with doses of 500 mg/kg BW (low dose), 1,000 mg/kg BW (moderate dose), and 1,500 mg/kg BW (high dose), respectively, and then infected with S. enteritidis bacteria at a concentration of 108 CFU/ml. The coffee extract and bacteria were given orally via a feeding tube at a volume of 0.5 ml per chick. The extract was given for 14 days (from day 3 to day 16), and the bacteria were given on days 16 and 17. On day 18, the chickens were necropsied. The malondialdehyde (MDA) level was analyzed using one-way analysis of variance test with the GLM procedure (<0.05), while the tissue histopath was analyzed using a descriptive qualitative study to examine the ileal damage Results: The results showed that the MDA levels (nmol/l) decreased in treatment groups T1, T2, and T3 compared to the positive control. On the contrary, we found improvements in the ileum histopathology of group T1 and T2 in the form of normal and regular intestinal epithelium arrangement of the ileum, long intestinal villi, and decreased total leukocytes. Conclusion: Green coffee robusta has the potential to increase antioxidants and reduce inflammation in the small intestine of chickens infected with S. enteritidis.
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a disease that is mediated by the immune system that affects the gastrointestinal tract, especially the colon mucosa. This disease will cause diarrhea and mucosal damage. In general, IBD is caused by viruses and bacteria that infect the gastrointestinal tract, but some studies suggests that IBD can also be caused by side effects of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs such as indomethacin.The aim of this research was to determine and compare the profile of organ histopathology, such as gastric, ileum, duodenum, and colon of normal and IBD rats. This research was a preliminary research in the course of obtaining alternative therapies for IBD derived from natural materials. Methods of this research was rats were divided into two groups, namely normal rats group and IBD rats group induced orally with indomethacin at a dose of 15 mg/KgBB once. A condition resembling IBD was present and was observed after 24 hours and the rats were euthanized. Histopathology analysis of gastric, ileum, duodenum, and colon of normal and IBD rats was done qualitatively using Hematoxylin Eosin (HE) colouring and was reported descriptively. Results of the histopathology analysis showed that some damages, such as mucosal damage, ulceration, erosion, congestion, vasodilatation, and inflammatory cell infiltration was observed in the histopathology of the gastric, duodenum, ileum and colon of IBD rats compared to the same organ histopathology of normal rats.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.