SummaryWe conducted a seroprevalence survey in Belgium, Finland, England & Wales, Italy and Poland on 13449 serum samples broadly representative in terms of geography and age.Samples were tested for the presence of immunoglobulin G antibody using a enzyme immuno-assay. The age-specific risk of infection was estimated using parametric and nonparametric statistical modeling. The age-specific risk in all 5 countries was highest in children aged 7-9 years and lower in adults. The average proportion of women in childbearing age susceptible to parvovirus B19 infection and the risk of a pregnant women acquiring B19 infection during pregnancy was estimated to be 26% and 0.61%,in Belgium, 38% and 0.69% in England & Wales, 43.5% and 1.24% in Finland, 39.9% and 0.92% in Italy and 36.8% and 1.58% in Poland, respectively. Our study indicates substantial epidemiological differences in Europe regarding parvovirus B19 infection.3
Objective: To examine the type specific seroprevalence of herpes simplex virus (HSV) types 1 and 2 infections, stratified by age and gender, and associated risk factors for HSV-2 seropositivity in Poland. Methods: 2257 serum samples of individuals from 15-65 years were randomly selected from serum banks in four different geographical regions of Poland, including the Zachodnio-pomorskie, Warmińsko-mazurskie, Lubelskie, and Mazowieckie districts. Type specific serum antibodies to HSV-1 and HSV-2 were detected using HerpeSelect IgG ELISA tests. Results: Overall prevalences of type specific HSV-1 and HSV-2 serum antibodies were 90.4% and 9.3%, respectively. Age standardised HSV-2 seroprevalence was higher in women (9.7%) than men (8.8%) (p = 0.06), and increased notably with age from 4% in 15-24 year olds to 12% in those aged 50-65 years. HSV-1 seroprevalence was consistently higher than HSV-2 seroprevalence in each specific age group, ranging from 74.5% in 15-24 year olds to 98.8% in 50-65 year olds. HSV-2 seroprevalence varied significantly by geographical region, with the highest prevalence in the Zachodnio-pomorskie district (12%). Significant multivariate risk factors for HSV-2 seropositivity included older age, female gender, and geographical place of residence. Conclusion: This large survey found a notably high seroprevalence of HSV-1, even among young female adolescents 15-19 years of age (80%). HSV-2 seropositivity was under 12% in all age groups surveyed in Poland, tending to be among the lowest overall HSV-2 seropositivity rates reported thus far in Europe.
Cytomegaloviruses are common worldwide, with variable frequency of infections. The infection in pregnancy may lead to pregnancy loss or serious sequelae for the child. To understand the risk posed by CMV in Poland we conducted cross-sectional study on women aged 15-49 basing on existing serum bank. Age dependent incidence, the rates of congenital infection and sequelae were modelled from sero-prevalence, literature and demographic data. The overall anti-CMV IgG prevalence was 81.9% increasing from 74.3% in <30 years old to 94.3% in subjects 45+ years old. The lowest incidence was estimated at the age of 15 and the highest at the age 34 (3.8 and 8.95 respectively/100 women/year). The estimated rate of cCMV varies from 22.4 to 37.2 per 1000 live birth depending on the assumptions made. The proportion of cases due to secondary infection ranged from 34.8% to 49.9% accordingly.
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes latency in the resting memory B-cell compartment. It has been recently suggested that maintenance of chronic infection is dependent on periodic reactivation. Although the stimuli for EBV reactivation in vivo during natural infections are largely unknown, there is evidence indicating that heterologous infections could trigger herpesviruses reactivation. The purpose of this work was to identify the influence of Toll-like receptors stimulation on EBV replication in EBV latently infected Burkitt lymphoma cells (P3HR-1, Raji and Namalwa). The cells were stimulated with Pam3CSK4 (synthetic triacylated lipoprotein), PolyI:C (synthetic analog of dsRNA), LPS (lipopolysaccharide from E.coli), measles virus (MeV) and PMA (phorbol myristate acetate). Non-stimulated cells (NS) served as control. EBV expression was investigated at mRNA level for three viral lytic genes: BZLF1 (immediate early, ZEBRA), BALF2 (early, EA) and BcLF1 (late, VCA). Additionally, the effect of stimulation on NF-kBp65 and inflammatory cytokines (IL-lb, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF) was investigated. Stimulation of TLRs led to limited changes in EBV expression manifesting as increase of ZEBRA at mRNA level in cells treated with PolyI:C and Pam3CSK4. Stimulation with PolyI:C, Pam3CSK4 and LPS also lead to considerable increase of NF-kBp65, while increased levels of inflammatory cytokines were observed for IL-8, TNF and IL-6 in cells treated with PMA and MeV. In conclusion, the results of our experiments support the suggestion that TLRs stimulation with microbial ligands influences EBV virus replication.
Background In Poland, hepatitis A virus (HAV) RNA screening was performed in plasma for fractionation usually immediately before shipment. Objective Our goal was to study epidemiology, rate of transfusion transmitted HAV during epidemic (2017–2019), and viral characteristics of infected plasma donors. Study Design and Methods HAV RNA was tested in 1,866,590 donations from 1,210,423 donors using RT‐PCR in mini pools of 96 (MP96) or TMA in MP16. Virological characteristics included RNA level (RL), antibody testing, and sequencing. Results Twenty‐one HAV infections were identified (1.13/100,000 donations; 95% confidence interval [95% CI]: 0.74–1.72) and (1.73/100,000 donors; 95% CI: 1.35–2.65). The Blood Transfusion Centers were also informed about three donors, who were hospitalized for hepatitis A soon after their blood donation. In addition, we identified a donor, who had reactive result for HAV after receiving HAV vaccination. He tested positive twice 10 days after receiving the first and the second dose. The highest RL was 16 million IU/ml, mean 1,706,905 IU/ml, and median 220 IU/ml. The longest detectable RL lasted for 113 days. HAV‐infected donors were seronegative (36%) or IgM positive (64%). We followed up on 12 HAV contaminated blood components issued for transfusion. In two out of seven identified patients viral transmission was confirmed (28.6%). Conclusion Based on our results, we propose a 6 month deferral after HAV infection and 14 days post HAV vaccination. The infectivity rate was below 30%. The HAV RNA testing could be considered as an additional safeguard against HAV transmission at the time of increased incidence of HAV infections in the general population.
Trzcińska A, Częścik A, Siennicka J. Stan wiedzy na temat zakażenia wrodzonego CMV wśród kobiet ciężarnych i planujących ciążę. Med Og Nauk Zdr. 2017; 23(3): 179-184. doi: 10.26444/monz/76248 Streszczenie Wprowadzenie. Wirus cytomegalii jest najczęstszą przyczyną zakażeń wrodzonych na świecie. Zakażenie wrodzone CMV dotyczy średnio 0,64% żywych urodzeń na całym świecie, przy czym wartość ta waha się w zależności od badanej populacji od 0,3% do 2,3%. Każdego dnia na świecie rodzi się 2500 dzieci zakażonych CMV, a 1/5 z nich umiera lub rozwija trwałą niepełnosprawność. Cel pracy. Przegląd piśmiennictwa dotyczący aktualnego stanu wiedzy wśród kobiet ciężarnych i planujących ciążę na temat zakażenia wrodzonego CMV, jego konsekwencji i możliwości zapobiegania mu. Skrócony opis stanu wiedzy. Prowadzone w różnych krajach badania ankietowe ujawniły, że większość badanych kobiet ciężarnych lub planujących ciążę nie jest świadoma konsekwencji, jakie dla płodu może mieć zakażenie CMV. Wysoki jest odsetek kobiet, które nie znały, nie słyszały i nigdy nie czytały nic na temat zakażenia CMV w ciąży. Większość ankietowanych nie potrafiła podać konkretnych objawów związanych z zakażeniem wrodzonym CMV, czynników ryzyka, dróg transmisji i sposobów zapobiegania zakażeniu. Najczęściej jako konsekwencję tego zakażenia podawano opóźnienie umysłowe i utratę słuchu. Wśród zachowań higienicznych, które mogą uchronić przed zakażeniem CMV, kobiety wymieniały przede wszystkim mycie rąk, unikanie kontaktu z moczem i całowania dzieci w usta. Podsumowanie. Działania podejmowane w celu zapobiegania temu zakażeniu nadal są niewystarczające i niewspółmierne do konsekwencji, jakie niesie to zakażenie dla kobiet ciężarnych i ich dzieci. Dlatego też bardzo istotne jest podnoszenie poziomu świadomości na temat zakażenia wrodzonego CMV i jego następstw oraz dostępnych możliwości zapobiegania mu nie tylko wśród kobiet planujących ciążę lub będących w ciąży, ale ogółu społeczeństwa. Słowa kluczoweświadomość, wirus cytomegalii, zakażenie wrodzone, stan wiedzy WPROWADZENIE I CEL PRACYWirus cytomegalii (CMV) należy do rodziny Herpesviridae i podrodziny Betaherpesvirinae, do której należy również wirus herpes typu 6 (HHV-6) oraz wirus herpes typu 7 (HHV-7). Wirus posiada genom w postaci dwuniciowego, liniowego DNA, którego możliwości kodujące określa się na ponad 200 białek. Genom otoczony jest ikosahedralnym białkowym kapsydem oraz fosfolipidową osłonką. Podobnie jak inne herpeswirusy, CMV ma zdolność ustanawiania długotrwałej latencji. Ze stanu latencji wirus cytomegalii może okresowo ulegać reaktywacji, podczas której zachodzi pełny cykl replikacyjny, co skutkuje produkcją zakaźnych cząstek wirusowych.Wirus cytomegalii jest szeroko rozpowszechniony na całym świecie. Szacuje się, że od 40 do 80% populacji w krajach rozwiniętych i prawie 100% w krajach rozwijających się przeszło zakażenie tym wirusem. Seroprewalencja CMV wzrasta wraz z wiekiem i jest uzależniona od warunków socjo-ekonomicznych oraz geograficznych [1]. Do zakażenia wirusem cytomegalii doc...
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