The study discusses the problem of land grabbing and state interventionism in agricultural land transactions in Poland, and presents the effects of active policy implemented by the state on limiting the flow of agricultural land. The research covers the period from the time of country’s accession to the European Union, starting from 2004. Poland introduced restrictions on the purchase of agricultural land for fear of mass land grabbing, and has currently tightened the restrictions on agricultural land purchase by foreigners and by non-owners of a family farm. The analyses concern the number of permits issued for foreigners to turn over agricultural land in Poland, the area of property eventually purchased by foreigners, the right of pre-emption exercised by the National Support Centre for Agriculture (NSCA), and the number of transactions concluded in an open market and in the form of a tender. Based on the collected data and their in-depth analyses, the following phenomena were interpreted: an extensive impact of interventionism exercised by the Polish state on restricting the sale of agricultural land to foreigners is observed, and interventionism of the Polish state affects the suspension of functional changes in rural areas and agricultural land transition to non-agricultural purposes. The research shows that the majority of property turnover by foreigners in Poland required permits issued by the Minister of the Interior Affairs and Administration. Moreover, priority is given to owners of family farms, which results in a reduction of the total number of transactions concerning agricultural land in Poland after introducing changes in legal transactions of agricultural land in 2016.
The study addresses the problem of functional transformations covering rural and urban-rural municipalities in Lower Silesia voivodship, according to the adopted functional typology of municipalities. The division of municipalities into functional types is a continuation of the research conducted in 1996, 2005, and 2010. The year 2016 was adopted as the base year for comparison, using the same criteria for their classification: the level of industrialization, the structure of the economy, and the level of tourist infrastructure development. The statistical analysis carried out within the framework of the study covered changes in the municipalities’ proportions of particular functional types between 1996, 2005, and 2016 and also the impact assessment of the quality of agricultural area and unemployment rate in relation to the determined municipality type. In order to obtain the research results, the statistical analysis using Cochran’s Q test was, among others, performed to determine changes in the proportions of municipalities and also one-way analysis of variance between groups was conducted to establish the indicated correlations. In the case of obtaining a statistically significant result, paired comparisons were carried out (between the types of municipalities) using Hommel’s procedure. The conducted analysis confirmed the adopted research theses, i.e., in the studied period from 1996 to 2016, the majority of the analyzed regions lost their agricultural function in favor of the industrial function.
The paper discusses the topic of production volume of selected agricultural products in Poland and in Ukraine by taking an attempt to assess the market development in the context of the general characteristics of agricultural farms in these countries. The collected information was analyzed with use of the comparative method, by juxtaposing information about the structure of agricultural farms in Poland and in Ukraine in terms of the organization of farms, their number and surface area according to the adopted area groups and the analysis of plant production according to main cultivated crops and their yield. Further factors used to evaluate the extent of changes in structural transformations in agriculture were statistical measures, including the determination coefficient. In Poland, agricultural production is conducted mainly in individual farms (also called family or private farms). This refers both to animal and plant production. On the other hand, in Ukraine, production takes place in agriculture enterprises and households, whose distribution is similar to uniform distribution. In spite of significant differences in the area covered by agricultural land in Ukraine and in Poland, the latter is characterized by a relatively high share of the production of cereal crops and sugar beet, while Ukraine is the leader in the production of sunflower seeds (second largest manufacturer in the world), which is only a marginal crop in Poland.
The purpose of the study is to analyse the availability of financial resources for people with disabilities and to assess the needs satisfaction level of the disabled in order to eliminate architectural and technical barriers in Poland. The research conducted among the disabled affected by physical disability indicates that mobility barriers and obstacles remain among the most important problems encountered by people with disabilities. The research has shown that the problem of barriers increases with age. The elimination of architectural barriers requires, each time, higher financial expenditure, whereas the elimination of technical barriers improves the life quality of people with disabilities at low financial outlays. The average funding in Poland amounted to PLN 827.53 in 2016, including the funding of EUR 1453.60 for the elimination of architectural barriers and approx. EUR 582 for the removal of technical barriers. The financial resources allocated for this purpose do not cover the actual needs of the people with disabilities. The analysis revealed that the demand for investment in the elimination of barriers is increasing with age, whereas the expenditure of the Polish state is decreasing.
This article raises the issue of changes in the structure of agricultural land use in Poland and the Czech Republic since the accession of both countries into the structures of the European Union. An important question raised in this article is the analysis of changes in the area structure of agricultural holdings according to the adopted agricultural land groups. The analyses were based on the graphic method of analysing the concentration strength, i.e. the Lorenz curve, to determine the distribution of the number and surface area of agricultural farms in the given area groups and the percentage share of such farms in these area groups. Additionally, the Gini coefficient was calculated for the same phenomena, to measure the concentration (inequality) of the random variable distribution. The research showed the structural change trends in the agricultural area of the analysed countries as well as varied structural situation of agricultural holdings during the accession period. The condition translates into a slower pace of structural change of agricultural holdings in Poland and a faster process of enlarging the area of agricultural holdings in the Czech Republic.
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