Data concerning heritage buildings are necessary for all kinds of building surveying and design. This paper presents a method for creating a precise model of a historical architectural and landscape object with complex geometry. Photogrammetric techniques were used, combining terrestrial imaging and photographs taken using UAVs. In large-scale objects, it is necessary to divide the reconstruction into smaller parts and adopt an iterative approach based on the gradual completion of missing fragments, especially those resulting from occlusions. The model developed via the reconstruction was compared with geometrically reliable data (LAS point clouds) available in the public domain. The degree of accuracy it achieved can be used in conservation, for example, in construction cost estimates. Despite extensive research on photogrammetric techniques and their applicability in reconstructing cultural heritage sites, the results obtained have not yet been compared by other researchers with LAS point clouds from the information system for land cover (ISOK).
A "landscape dominant element"-an object with the greatest range of visual impact on the surrounding space, of a strong form that integrates the entirety of a composition, distinguished by its height, dimensions, colour, material, texture or the variety of its details. The attempts to define the concept presented herein, and which is intuitively perceived as obvious, illustrate its ambiguity. They bring to mind a visual contrast between this subject and others that surround it. This article attempts to analyse views using the author' s computer program. The objects in the photos are characterized by their interference in a panorama silhouette or skyline, size, colour, height, and shape. This helped to identify those that clearly stand out from the other forms, with which they come into visual interaction. The purpose of these considerations is to create tools that allow for a partial objectification of the landscape composition assessment.
The creation of accurate three-dimensional models has been radically simplified in recent years by developing photogrammetric methods. However, the photogrammetric procedure requires complex data processing and does not provide an immediate 3D model, so its use during field (in situ) surveys is infeasible. This paper presents the mapping of fragments of built structures at different scales (finest detail, garden sculpture, architectural interior, building facade) by using a LiDAR sensor from the Apple iPad Pro mobile device. The resulting iPad LiDAR and photogrammetric models were compared with reference models derived from laser scanning and point measurements. For small objects with complex geometries acquired by iPad LiDAR, up to 50% of points were unaligned with the reference models, which is much more than for photogrammetric models. This was primarily due to much less frequent sampling and, consequently, a sparser grid. This simplification of object surfaces is highly beneficial in the case of walls and building facades as it smooths out their surfaces. The application potential of the IPad LiDAR Pro is severely constrained by its range cap being 5 m, which greatly limits the size of objects that can be recorded, and excludes most buildings.
A "landscape dominant element"-an object with the greatest range of visual impact on the surrounding space, of a strong form that integrates the whole composition, distinguished by its height, dimensions, colour, material, texture or a variety of details. These attempts to define the concept, which is intuitively perceived as obvious, illustrate its ambiguity. They bring to mind a visual contrast between this subject and others that surround it. This article attempts to analyse views using the author's computer program. The objects in the photos are characterized by their interference in a panorama silhouette or skyline, size, colour, height, and shape. This helped to identify those that clearly stand out from the other forms, with which they come into visual interaction. The purpose of these considerations is to create tools that allow for a partial objectification of the landscape composition assessment.
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