Digital Modelling and Accuracy Verification of a Complex Architectural Object Based on Photogrammetric Reconstruction

Abstract

Data concerning heritage buildings are necessary for all kinds of building surveying and design. This paper presents a method for creating a precise model of a historical architectural and landscape object with complex geometry. Photogrammetric techniques were used, combining terrestrial imaging and photographs taken using UAVs. In large-scale objects, it is necessary to divide the reconstruction into smaller parts and adopt an iterative approach based on the gradual completion of missing fragments, especially those resulting from occlusions. The model developed via the reconstruction was compared with geometrically reliable data (LAS point clouds) available in the public domain. The degree of accuracy it achieved can be used in conservation, for example, in construction cost estimates. Despite extensive research on photogrammetric techniques and their applicability in reconstructing cultural heritage sites, the results obtained have not yet been compared by other researchers with LAS point clouds from the information system for land cover (ISOK).

Histogram Adjustment of Images for Improving Photogrammetric Reconstruction

“…After appropriate scaling and fitting of the reference model, the correctness was assessed by comparing the sparse ISOK cloud to the dense cloud of the reference model by examining the root mean square distance (RMS) between the superimposed structures (Figure 14). The RMS error estimation method allows the determination of a fitting error's statistical values, which are expressed in spatial distance, which is well understood by engineers potentially using such models [51].…”

Modeling of Cultural Heritage Artifacts with Images Obtained from Smartphone Cameras

“…Fotogrameti, sayısal kameralarla çekilmiş iki boyutlu (2B) fotoğraflardan 3B model üretimine olanak sağladığı için sık kullanılan tekniklerdendir. Öte yandan fotogrametri yöntemiyle yapılara ilişkin 3B model ve belgeleme işlemleri risksiz ve düşük maliyetlerle gerçekleştirilebilmektedir [11,12]. Ayrıca farklı zamanlarda üretilen modeller sayesinde yapılarda zaman içinde oluşan değişiklikler hassas bir şekilde belirlenebilmekte ve kayıt altına alınmaktadır.…”

Accuracy Verification of Surface Models of Architectural Objects from the iPad LiDAR in the Context of Photogrammetry Methods

“…Emerging sophisticated tools allow either partial or complete automation of the modelling process, so it is possible to obtain a 3D reconstructions based on satellite data [ 9 ], stereoscopic images [ 10 ], or light detection and ranging (LiDAR) data [ 11 , 12 , 13 , 14 ]. Photogrammetric reconstruction is also widely used (e.g., [ 2 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ]). It consists of the restoration of the position and the spatial relations between 3D points of observed surfaces on the basis of 2D images [ 19 ].…”

“…Photogrammetry has become generally available thanks to developing applications that use optical sensors installed in mobile devices [ 21 ]. This applies to both photographs obtained at human eye level and those collected by unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) (e.g., [ 16 , 22 , 23 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 28 ]). Due to their relatively easy availability, models created by photogrammetric methods are used in a broad spectrum of different fields, ranging from the digitisation of museum collections [ 29 ], through feasibility studies and construction planning [ 30 ], to applications in the entertainment industry [ 31 ].…”