The article concentrates on answering the main question to be addressed, as stated in its title: which psychology(ies) serves us best? In order to achieve this goal, we pursue possible answers in history of psychology of religion and its interdisciplinary relationships with its sister disciplines, anthropology of religion and religious studies, resulting with sketching a typology of the main attitudes towards conceptualising psycho-cultural interface, prevalent among psychologists: the Universalist, the Absolutist and the Relativist stances. Next chosen examples from the field of applied psychology are presented, as the role of the cultural factor within the history of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders’ ( DSM) development is discussed alongside presenting research on the phenomenon of ‘hearing voices’, in order to show the marked way for the future – the importance of including the cultural factor in psychological research on religion.
The paper illustrates the relational nature of the psychiatric category of borderline personality disorders based on the analysis of symptomatic criteria set out in the International Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems, 11th Revision (ICD-11) issued by the World Health Organization (WHO), as well as the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5) developed by the American Psychiatric Association (APA). We point to the appreciation of the relational nature of the phenomenon, which is noticeable already in a very cursory analysis, in the latest WHO and APA classification systems. The clinical manifestations of these criteria seem not only to be interconnected, but also to result from one another, suggesting a fundamentally structural nature of the phenomenon. All the described difficulties relate to interpersonal relationships – both in terms of the direct causes of disfunctions and long-term family and social consequences. This particularly applies to the borderlinetype emotionally unstable personality disorder, which is inseparably linked to emotional volatility and instability, and which is difficult to define using criteria in a way that does not give rise to diagnostic challenges. Therefore, we draw attention to difficulties with relationships, which are an important diagnostic criterion. Both ICD-11 and DSM-5 contain separate diagnostic categories for relationship problems, which, as it turns out, not necessarily coexist with other disorders. Linking relationship pathology with personality disorders may be of great importance for establishing the correct diagnosis and therefore choosing an appropriate treatment strategy.
Polish Migrants and the Norwegian Healthcare System: A Pilot Study This article presents the results of a pilot study on Polish migrants’ relations with the Norwegian health services. The study was qualitative in nature – 20 partially structured interviews were conducted with Poles living in Norway for more than two years who had contact with the Norwegian healthcare system. The aim of the study was to identify potential problems arising in the contact of Polish migrants with the Norwegian healthcare provider. The interview questionnaire, built on the basis of the Interview of Cultural Formation (DSM V), was focused on obtaining as rich data as possible in order to identify other factors hindering the use of healthcare than the bilateral deficit of language competence, which was indicated mainly in previous studies. In light of the respondents’ answers, the Norwegian health service received mixed reviews: about as many people were satisfied with its functioning as those who were not. In this study, the issue of trust came to the fore of the interpretation – Polish patients trust a doctor if they meet their cultural expectations (e.g. prescribe an antibiotic or other strong agent, what they would expect from doctors in Poland), a phenomenon we name “conditional trust”. Respondents also mentioned problems in obtaining a referral/accessing specialist doctors in Norway as compared to Poland, which may reflect differences in the system of organization of healthcare. In Norway, GPs have more responsibilities that require competences than in Poland, where a GP is a person referring patients for tests to a specialist if a medical problem arises that s/he cannot solve. Therefore the article is an introduction to research that should be conducted in the future on the relations of Polish migrants with foreign health care systems. The qualitative method used has enabled the presentation of the diverse attitudes of people most interested in the practical applications of conclusions, namely Poles permanently residing in Norway. Keywords: Poles in Norway, migrants’ health, patient relations, health care system in Norway Streszczenie Niniejszy artykuł prezentuje rezultaty badania pilotażowego na temat relacji polskich migrantów z norweską służbą zdrowia. Badanie miało charakter jakościowy – przeprowadzono 20 częściowo ustrukturyzowanych wywiadów z Polakami mieszkającymi w Norwegii dłużej niż dwa lata, którzy mieli kontakt z norweskim systemem ochrony zdrowia. Celem badania była identyfikacja potencjalnych problemów pojawiających się w kontakcie polskich migrantów z norweskim świadczeniodawcą. Kwestionariusz wywiadu, zbudowany w oparciu o Wywiad Ukształtowania Kulturowego (DSM V) zorientowany został na pozyskanie możliwie bogatych danych, w celu identyfikacji innych czynników utrudniających korzystanie ze służby zdrowia, niż obustronny deficyt kompetencji językowych, na co wskazywano głównie w poprzednich badaniach. Norweska służba zdrowia w świetle odpowiedzi respondentów otrzymała mieszane recenzje, mniej więcej tyle samo osób było zadowolonych z jej funkcjonowania, co przeciwnie. W niniejszym badaniu kwestia zaufania wysunęła się na pierwszy plan interpretacyjny – polscy pacjenci ufają lekarzowi, o ile ten spełni ich kulturowe oczekiwania (np. przepisze antybiotyk lub inny silny środek, czego oczekiwaliby od lekarzy w Polsce), co nazwaliśmy „warunkowym zaufaniem”. Badani wspominali również o problemach w dostępie do lekarzy specjalistów w Norwegii w porównaniu do Polski, co może być odzwierciedleniem różnic w systemie organizacji opieki zdrowotnej – w Norwegii lekarz pierwszego kontaktu (GP) ma więcej obowiązków, które wymagają kompetencji, niż w Polsce, gdzie GP jest osobą kierującą na badania do specjalisty jeżeli pojawi się problem medyczny, którego nie potrafi rozwiązać. Artykuł stanowi zatem studium relacji polskich migrantów z zagranicznymi systemami opieki zdrowotnej – które w przyszłości powinny być ponawiane – a zastosowana w nim metoda jakościowa umożliwiła prezentację zróżnicowanych postaw osób najbardziej zainteresowanych praktycznymi aplikacjami płynących zeń wniosków – Polaków stale przebywających w Norwegii.
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