PurposeThe purpose of the paper is to develop a model of distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production in Industry 4.0.Design/methodology/approachThe basis of the methodology of the research is regression analysis. The analyzed variables are independent variables that characterize the level of development of human and machine labor in the economy of a country; dependent variables that reflect the effectiveness of the production, marketing and innovative business processes in the economy of country according to “The Global Competitiveness Report” (World Economic Forum); and dependent variables, which show the share of the sphere (agriculture, mining industry, processing industry and service sphere) in the structure of GDP of a country according to the statistics of the World Bank. For determining the change of regression dependencies in dynamics in the interests of reduction of the probability of statistical error, the research is conducted for 2010 and 2018 with application of trend analysis.FindingsBased on the full selection of modern countries that conduct digital modernization, the authors determine statistical dependencies of effectiveness of business processes and development of the spheres of economy on the intensity of application of machine and human labor. This allowed determining significant differences in automatization of business processes: perspectives of application of machine labor are the widest in production and the narrowest in marketing, differentiated logic of organization of intellectual production in different spheres of economy and the specifics of automatization of business processes and spheres of economy in countries of different categories, one of which has to be taken into account during organization of intellectual production in Industry 4.0.Originality/valueThe developed model of optimal distribution of human and machine labor at intellectual production in Industry 4.0 will allow reducing disproportions in effectiveness of different business processes, development of different spheres of economy and growth rate of developed and developing countries. This explains its contribution into provision of well-balanced development of the modern global economic system.
The article reveals key trends of the development of the global market for engineered nanomaterials and focuses attention on the energy related market segment based on the studies and generalization of recent analytical reports and research publications in this field. The authors substantiate rapid market growth of the energy related nanomaterials taking into account available proving their unique electrical, thermal, mechanical, optical and catalytic properties, and increasing patent activity in the field under consideration. These factors significantly expand the application prospects of energy related nanomaterials in generation, conversion, storage, saving and transmission of energy in the conventional and renewable energy systems. Within that framework, modern and future applications and growth prospects of mostly used nanomaterials in the global energy market (graphene, fullerenes involving carbon nanotubes, and other carbon nanostructures, materials with the nanolayer structures, metal oxide nanoparticles, and some others) and most recent nanomaterials in the market (aerographene / graphene aerogel, 3D and 4D-printed aerogels) are characterized.
The authors substantiate the potential of nanotechnology in the technology modernization of the power engineering industry (PEI) enterprises aimed at achieving production efficiency growth. The key factors encouraging the PEI companies to undertake technological re-equipment (stable and rapid nanotechnology market growth, expanding nanomaterials application and reducing costs along with the increase in the global energy consumption) are revealed. The authors state that the opportunities for the widespread use of the new nanotechnologies and nanomaterials in the PEI are directly related to the formation of regulatory and technical support for the life cycle of nanotechnology products. Within that framework, formation of the global and Russian system of standardization and certification in nanotechnology field is exercised. The factors restraining the process of the PEI companies’ technology modernization (the lack of funds, delay of standardization, metrology and certification in relation to the pace of nanotechnology development, insufficient companies’ interest) are disclosed. Prospective algorithm of technological re-equipment of the PEI companies is suggested.
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