Based on our results, platelet rich plasma administration to the olfactory region could be a promising, last chance therapy for complete anosmia.

The aim and objective of the study is to analyze the data of 145 vertiginous patients aged up to 18 years, which were examined at the Otoneurological Department of the Semmelweis University during the last 5 years. The study design for the analysis: the group of children (66 patients, aged up to 14 years) and group of adolescents (79 patients, ages between 14 and 18 years). Children and adolescents, who sent by otolaryngologists or pediatric neurologists, were examined. The detailed case history and routine physical examinations were followed by cochlear function tests. The vestibular test contained statokinetic test, spontaneous nystagmus with electronystagmographical (ENG) registration, positional and positioning nystagmus with Frenzel's glasses, smooth pursuit eye movement test and caloric test with computer-based ENG. Most of the patients experienced true rotatory vertigo. The ratio of the dizziness (vertigo without direction) was 38% in the children's and 44% in the adolescent group; 21 children and 31 adolescents had headache. Nausea and vomiting were frequent in both the groups: normal hearing was measured in 62% of children and in 82% of adolescents. The vestibular system was normal in 36% of the children's group, and in 39% of the adolescents. In conclusion, it is important to realize that 64% of the children and 61% of the adolescents do have certain vestibular abnormalities. The most frequent cause of dizziness (24%) in the adolescent group is the extravestibular disorder-like panic disease and the anxiety disorder. At younger age, the most frequent disease that can cause vestibular symptoms is the migraine.

Background: M eni ere's disease is characterised by episodic rotational vertigo, sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus, and vegetative symptoms. Objectives: The aim of our study is to follow-up the effects of the intratympanic steroid treatment of hearing loss in MD. Material and methods: A group of 105 clinically diagnosed MD patients were enrolled in this investigation. Long-term follow-up was carried out, and pure tone speech audiometry results of the subjects before and after application of steroid were contrasted. Statistical analysis was carried out using the IBM SPSS V24 software. Results: Based on the audiograms in this population, all stages of hearing loss were presented (from slight to profound). In most of the cases (68.6%), after intratympanic dexamethasone treatment, stagnation in the hearing profile was achieved. Moreover, there was a smaller group demonstrating hearing improvement after the treatment (12.4%). According to logistic regression [p ¼ .001; Odds ratio: 2.75 (95% CI 1.068-4.442,)], there was a strong correlation between hearing improvement and dexamethasone treatment (all patients were treated with intratympanic dexamethasone, while improvement without steroid treatment could never be attained). Conclusions and significance: Intratympanically administered dexamethasone is a potent agent to prevent the progression of hearing loss in MD.

Purpose To contrast the quality of life (QoL) impairment and depression scores of patients suffering from different vestibular disorders. Methods 301 patients were examined due to vertiginous complaints at the Neurotology Centre of the Department of Otolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery of Semmelweis University. These patients completed the Hungarian version of the Dizziness Handicap Inventory (DHI), the Beck Depression Inventory, and the Symptom Checklist-90-Revised questionnaires. Results According to neurotological examination, the distribution of the different diagnoses was as follows: Menière’s disease (n = 101), central vestibular disorders (n = 67), BPPV (n = 47), vestibular neuritis (n = 39), other unilateral peripheral vestibulopathy (n = 18), PPPD (Persistent Postural-Perceptual Dizziness) (n = 16), vestibular migraine (n = 8), and vestibular Schwannoma (n = 5). The results of the DHI questionnaire have indicated worsened QoL in 86.4%, out of which 33.6% was defined as severe. The Beck scale has shown depressive symptoms in 42.3% of the cases, with severe symptoms in 6.3%. Significantly higher total DHI and Beck scale results were observed in patients with central vestibular disorders, vestibular migraine, PPPD and peripheral vestibulopathy, contrasted to the results of the other four diagnosis groups. The onset of the symptoms did not significantly affect the severity of QoL worsening and depression symptoms. Conclusion In this study, the QoL of vertiginous patients was worse in general, with the occurrence of depression symptoms. A difference was observed in the case of the values of patients with different vestibular disorders, indicating the importance of different factors, e.g., central vestibular compensation, behavioural strategies and psychological factors.

The computer-based air caloric system is a useful and safe method in evaluation of the vestibular system changes after ear surgery. The reason of the improvement of vestibular responsiveness is not clear. The results need further investigation to solve the problem of vestibular responsiveness improvement after cochlear implantation.

The mutation frequency of GJB2 in the investigated cohort is lower than in other European cohorts. The most serious cases were associated with homozygous and compound heterozygous mutations. In our cohort the hearing impairment and age of onset was not altered between in cases with only one heterozygous GJB2 mutation and wild type genotype, which may exclude the possibility of autosomal dominant inheritance. In early onset, severe to profound hearing loss cases, if the GJB2 analysis results in only one heterozygous alteration further next generation sequencing is highly recommended.

Vestibular symptoms frequently occur in patients with migraine headache. The common migraine is defined in neurology as a unilateral, pulsating headache, which may be associated with nausea and vomiting, and lasts one or several days. In the classic form patients have visual prodromal symptoms. Focal neurological signs in the migraine complique include, for example, oculomotor palsy and vestibular abnormalities. This so-called vestibular migraine is different from basilar migraine, which involves the irritation of the cervical sympathetic system, and can cause symptoms that resemble transient brainstem ischemia. In order to evaluate vestibular dysfunction electronystagmography (ENG) was used. Patients frequently had abnormal caloric test responses, especially with a directional preponderance, and most had a spontaneous nystagmus. In the migraine attack the patients are presumed to have hypersensitivity of the labyrinth with nausea and vomiting, while in the headache-free period the ENG was almost normal. At present, we have had a high success rate in treating patients with pyracetam. Diazepam was used to treat basilar migraine and flunarizine to prevent vestibular migraine.

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