This study aims at analyzing the existing welfare state models in Europe and investigating welfare regimes in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe. The hierarchical cluster analysis, employed in this study, revealed that five welfare state models can be distinguished in this region. The analysis also revealed that Central and Eastern European countries are too diverse to form a single cluster, and thus two models of the welfare statethe Eastern Europe welfare model and the Central Europe welfare model -could be distinguished. Meanwhile, while investigating the situation of Central and Eastern European countries in the more general European context, it was observed that Central European welfare model is closer to the old European countries, while the Eastern European welfare model is very different from all other models. JEL Classification: B55, D60 I38 Keywords: welfare state, Eastern Europe welfare model, Central Europe welfare model.
The present study proposes a novel integrated SWARA-CRITIC-COPRAS under the Pythagorean fuzzy (PF) environment to evaluate the barriers to developing the sustainable business model innovation (SBMI). To this end, the barriers were identified through the literature review and evaluated by three decision experts using linguistic variables. The PF-SWARA and the PF-CRITIC method were applied to calculate the weight of the subjective and objective barriers, and the PF-COPRAS was applied to evaluate alternatives concerning the identified weighted barriers, and sensitivity and comparative analyses were performed to evaluate the proposed method's performance. The results indicated that “lack of awareness” is the most significant barrier to SBMI and the proposed method is accurate, applicable, and reliable due to its sensitivity to weight changes
This study aims to discern and quantify the personal and labour market characteristics, which are most relevant to the persistence of a gender wage gap in Lithuania. The Oaxaca-Blinder model, employed in this study, revealed the largest explained gender wage gap to be attributable to the characteristics of occupation and industry. These contribute to the gap mainly by the horizontal and vertical segregation effects, as women are more concentrated in typically ‘feminine’ jobs, which pay less. The educational attainment of women is slightly higher than that of men, and this reduces the gender wage gap in the Lithuanian labour market. The analysis also revealed that work in the public sector entails an increase in the gap despite greater wage transparency and a more regulated remuneration mechanism. This is due to the ‘glass ceiling’ effect or the pervasive resistance to the efforts of female workers to reach the top rank positions, which we find to be stronger in the public sector.
Energy companies are in the spotlight regarding the environmental pressure to address current environmental issues by initiating sets of social responsibilities. Energy sector companies are actively adopting Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) practices to address the increased pressure and enablement to manage and prevent risks of environmental impact together with concentrating on economic growth. Current study provides a systematic literature review identifying CSR initiative measures toward sustainability and proposes a framework of CSR measurements in the energy sector. The framework combines the Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, and Analysis (SALSA) method together with Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and PSALSAR (Protocol, Search, Appraisal, Synthesis, Analysis and Report). Moreover, for setting the research scope PICOC (Population, Intervention, Comparison, Outcome, and Context) is applied. As a result, eleven CSR measures for the energy sector were identified: environmental impact, reduction of GHG emissions, green energy innovations, CSR reporting, competitiveness, stakeholder engagements, branding and reputation, financial performance, the price for green energy, employees' safety and business strategy and corporate culture. The measurements were classified into 4 pillars: Environmental pillar, stakeholder communication and external image, financial pillar, and organizational pillar. Furthermore, research results were discussed and a future research agenda together with policy recommendations were provided.
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