The relationships between maternal parenting attitudes and preschoolers’ hot and cool executive functions (EF) were examined. Forty-eight children aged 3 to 4 years and their mothers took part in the study. Self-report questionnaire concerning parenting attitudes was obtained from the mothers of children who performed a set of EF tasks. Additionally, both maternal and child verbal ability were controlled. It was found that maternal parenting attitudes were related only to child cool EF. Protecting attitude was positively related to child inhibitory control and autonomy support was negatively related to child set-shifting ability. Further analyses revealed that maternal autonomy support accounted for unique variance in child set-shifting, above and beyond the child’s age. On the other hand, protecting attitude accounted for unique variance in child inhibitory control, above and beyond child verbal ability. The findings provide further evidence for the importance of mother-child relationships in children’s EF development.
The main objective of this study was to examine whether children’s ability to justify their action predictions in terms of mental states is related, in a similar way as the ability to predict actions, to such aspects of executive function (EF) as executive control and working memory. An additional objective was to check whether the frequency of different types of justifications made by children in false-belief tasks is associated with aforementioned aspects of EF, as well as language. The study included 59 children aged 3-4 years. The ability to predict actions and to justify these predictions was measured with false-belief tasks. Luria’s hand-game was used to assess executive control, and the Counting and Labelling dual-task was used to assess working memory capacity. Language development was controlled using an embedded syntax test. It was found that executive control was a significant predictor of the children’s ability to justify their action predictions in terms of mental states, even when age and language were taken into account. Results also indicated a relationship between the type of justification in the false-belief task and language development. With the development of language children gradually cease to justify their action predictions in terms of current location, and they tend to construct irrelevant justifications before they begin to refer to beliefs. Data suggest that executive control, in contrast to language, is a factor which affects the development of the children’s ability to justify their action predictions only in its later phase, during a shift from irrelevant to correct justifications.
The aim of the article is to present the results of a meta-analysis of the relationship between sleep defi cits and executive functions at diff erent stages of human development (school age, young adults, older adults).The meta-analysis included 13 studies with a total of 625 participants, of which we extracted 24 comparisons regarding the age group, type of sleep defi ciency, studied executive functions and their measurement methods. Among the studied executive functions, sleep defi ciency infl uenced cognitive shifting but had no relationship with inhibition of reactions or working memory.The discussion focused on the diff erential infl uence of partial chronic sleep defi cits, in comparison to a single instance of total sleep defi cit, on executive functions. This meta-analysis supports the need to conduct further research on the infl uence of lack of sleep on executive functions in larger studies and in participants at diff erent stages of development.sleep defi cit, executive function, cognitive fl exibility, inhibition, meta-analysis
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