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In the study we investigate the effectiveness of the National Bank of Poland in counteracting the negative results of the financial crisis in the Polish interbank market. The situation was exceptional in a sense, that during the period of the financial crisis the Polish interbank market experienced liquidity surplus, and the main problem of the central bank was to regain confidence among commercial banks and stimulate interbank transactions. We concentrate on the spread between the rate of overnight interbank loans and the reference rate and based upon its dynamics we assess the monetary policy of the Polish central bank. Using econometric techniques we study how the central bank influenced the spread, when its control over it weakened and when was it strengthened. The study is supported by the results of the survey directed to the headquarters of commercial banks. We conclude that the ability of the central bank to control overnight rate wasThe views in this paper should be regarded as those of the author, and do not necessarily reflect those of the National Bank of Poland. temporarily lost during the first phases of the financial crisis, but gradually regained after implementation of the confidence pact.The aim of the research was to assess the ability of the Polish central bank to control the rate of overnight loans in the Polish interbank market and conduct its monetary policy during the confidence crisis, as well as facing the liquidity surplus. The Polish interbank market is special in a sense that liquidity surplus has been present there even since 1994 (National Bank of Poland 2009). However, together with the outbreak of the financial crisis, the confidence in the Polish interbank market declined drastically. Commercial banks preferred to accumulate liquidity surplus and performed almost no interbank transactions of maturity longer than 7 days. Banks preferred to keep their surplus on their current accounts with the central bank or in the form of deposit facility, and they significantly limited participation in the 7-day open market operations conducted by the National Bank of Poland (NBP) (National Bank of Poland 2009). The latter resulted in the so called underbidding (i.e. the situation during the tenders for the NBP bills, when the banks' total bid is lower than the supply offered by the central bank). As a consequence, the effectiveness of the central bank in stabilization of the market rates, what is one of the main goals of the monetary policy, diminished significantly.Our goal was to assess the effectiveness of the monetary policy of the Polish central bank, using econometric methods, as well as with respect to the results of the survey, sent to the head-quarters of the Polish commercial banks. The problem of assessing the effectiveness of the stabilization policy of central banks using econometric methods is also rather new in literature. Panigirtzoglou et al. (2000) studied the effectiveness of controlling the interbank rates through the key interest rates of the central banks of Grea...

The paper concentrates on the impact of sovereign CDS (sCDS) on other financial markets within a country, and tests whether the impact changed after imposing the ban on trade of the non-covered sCDS in Europe (November 2012). The European sCDS of Poland, Hungary, and the Czech Republic (emerging markets) as well as Sweden and the United Kingdom (developed markets) are analysed over the period of 2008-2013. We investigate the influence between the sCDS and the foreign exchange market, sCDS and sovereign bonds, as well as sCDS and stock exchanges. The results vary depending on the liquidity and maturity of the analysed markets, indicating that the Central European markets used to be more prone to sunspots and volatility transmission than the Western ones. The study suggests that in most cases the impact of the CDS on other financial markets diminished after November 2012 and that the markets of speculative investment grade contributed most to the ban.

A b s t r a c t. In the article, linkages among sovereign CDS instruments in Central Europe are investigated. Special attention is paid to the change of causality patterns during the Hungarian and Greek crises. The results of the research reveal that the expectations do play a role in determining the prices of the contracts, as well as that there exist regional causality relationships between the instruments. The strength of causality between the volatilities of Polish -Hungarian and CzechHungarian CDS prices weakened during the Hungarian crisis, while the volatilities of the three time series reacted rapidly and strongly to the Greek one. This suggest that the European events should play more important role in determining the dynamics of the contracts than the problems of the country of the weakest fundamentals in the region. K e y w o r d s: multivariate volatility, credit default swap, contagion, sunspot, Central Europe.

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