Background: One of the most common difficulties in the operation fatality is perforation peritonitis. The goal of this study was to identify risk factors for peptic ulcer disease (PUD) in young patients. Materials and method: In this study, 70 patients were evaluated and clinical examinations and endoscopies were performed at 8 weeks and 6 months. Place and Duration: A population‐based cohort study was conducted at the Gastroenterology department of Sharif Medical College, Lahore for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. Result: Six patients died, and 4 patients were not followed up on, out of a total of 80 patients. There were 62 men and 8 women among the remaining 70 patients. The majority of the patients were between the ages of 35 and 40. After eight weeks, 34 (50%) had no infections on endoscopy, with 34 patients (48.6%) on treatment and 1 (1.4%) not on any therapies. The residual 35 patients (50%) had active ulcers and other positive endoscopic outcomes. Six months after surgery, 56 patients (80%) had no ulcers on endoscopy, with 34 on treatment and 12 without treatment. The rest 14 had some positive endoscopic findings. The study also revealed other factors linked with peptic ulcer perforation and impacting healing in the postoperative phase. Preoperative PUD symptoms, alcohol consumption, comorbidities, chronic drug consumption (NSAIDs/steroids), smoking, postoperative treatment given and H. pylori infection were all variables. Conclusion: All patients with peptic ulcer perforation should receive H2 blockers or proton pump inhibitors as a post - operative therapies, as well as an anti-Helicobacter pylori regimen. Postoperative follow-up should include routine endoscopic examinations of these patients to detect ulcer healing. Keywords: peptic ulcer disease, endoscopies, chronic drug consumption.
Introduction: Staphylococcus aureus is a chief source of both community and nosocomial infections. Isolates of Staphylococcal aureus from tertiary hospitals are resistant to frequently used antimicrobials. The intrinsically established methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) has been related with increased mortality and morbidity in hospital patients. Aim: This analysis was performed to determine the susceptibility of antibiotic pattern of staphylococcal aureus isolates with particular emphasis on methicillin-resistant S. aureus. Place and Duration: In the Department of Medicine and Pathology, Islam Medical and Dental College Sialkot for six-months duration from April 2021 to October 2021. Methods: Clinical samples from the Medicine ward were analysed and all isolates of S. aureus were involved in the study. Identification of isolates was done using a typical laboratory technique. The susceptibility antibiotic pattern of all strains of staphylococcal aureus was assessed using the improved Kirby Bauer method of antibiotic susceptibility. Results: Out of 120 isolates of S. aureus, MRSA were found to be in 29 (26.12%). The multidrug resistance percentage was 6.09% for MSSA and 75.86% for MRSA. All isolates of staphylococcal aureus were penicillin resistant. Though, sensitivity of all strains to vancomycin was noticed. Conclusions: This analysis exhibited an augmented incidence of MRSA in a Tertiary Care Hospital. Consistent investigation of nosocomial infections and susceptibility of antibiotics are essential to reduce the incidence of MRSA in hospitals and its spread in society. This study clearly demonstrates that the 1st line treatment for infection with MRSA is vancomycin. To maintain its worth, the usage of vancomycin must be restricted and only directed when clearly necessary. Keywords: MSSA, MRSA, Vancomycin, Antibiotic susceptibility and Staphylococcus aureus
Background: In spite of the broadly documented risk-factors of uncontrolled hypertension, this ailment is still not cured in most patients. This may be due largely to the symptomless disease nature in the initial 15-20 years, also with progressive damage to the cardio-vascular system. Therefore, the valuation of target damage of organs due to hypertension subclinically is an important procedure for diagnosis of risk-factors stratification in patients with hypertension. The aim of this study is to determine the subclinical target damage of organ among patients with primary hypertension Study Design: A prospective case-control study. Methods: A total of 120 patients were included in this study. Patients with >60 creatinine clearance rate were taken as controls and < 60 creatinine clearance rate as the case group. The 2 groups were made of equal patients 60 in each group. The Cockcroft-Gault formula was applied for determination of renal function and echocardiography was used for valuation of Left ventricular hypertrophy. Direct ophthalmoscopy was done in all patients to assess the retinal vascular changes. Urine microalbumin was evaluated from the morning spot sample. Results: 120 total patients were included in this study. There were 55 males and 65 females. 52.50 ± 8.61 years was the mean age in the control group and in the case group it was 62.20 ± 7.99 years. The incidence of left ventricular hypertrophy with CCR <60 was 23.3% and 48.3% in patients with CCR >60 (p = 0.001). The incidence of microalbuminuria in this analysis was 41.6% in the case group (p = 0.004) and it was 16.7% in the control group. Of the 120 patients in the study, 65 (54.2%) were taking medications for hypertension while 73.3% of the patients in the control group were using drugs for hypertension, the proportion of patients using antihypertensive drugs was 63.7%. Blood pressure was controlled in only 25.8% of the cases taking antihypertensive drugs Conclusions: The obtained outcomes indicate that decreased clearance of creatinine and / or the existence of microalbuminuria is indication of subclinical damage of organ and taken as a marker among individuals with essential hypertension and standard creatinine clearance, independent of BP burden and additional risk factors. Keywords: Target organ damage, primary hypertension, subclinical and creatinine clearance.
Background & Objectives: According to the Global Public Health Recommendation, infants should only be breastfed for the first six months of life for optimal growth, development and health. The WHO recommends that breastfeeding must be started early (i.e., within one hour of birth). Early breastfeeding within 1 hour and exclusive breastfeeding for the first 6 months are key interventions to reduce malnutrition and infant mortality. Therefore, this study was conducted to investigate the prevalence of breastfeeding practices including onset time, colostrum feeding, pre-lactation and only breastfeeding (EBF) in infants (up to 6 months) in rural populations. Methodology: A cross-sectional population study was conducted in the rural areas of Lahore division for six-months duration from July 2021 to December 2021. 360 children were selected for the interview, but only the mothers of 320 children gave consent. The study was conducted on a door-to-door basis using a partially structured, predefined and pre-tested questionnaire with informed consent. Results: The study included 320 infants up to 6 months of age, mainly boys 170 (53.1%). The mothers of the 152 infants (47.5%) who participated in the study were 25-39 years old, followed by 168 (52.5%) infants’ mothers in the 20-24 age group. The results show that 72 (22.5%) mothers are illiterate. According to occupation, the most of the mothers were housewives (75.9%). 54(16.9%) infants started breastfeeding early (i.e., within 1 hour after birth). 298 infants received a form of pre-lacteal feeding than colostrum, contrary to the concept of exclusive breastfeeding, and surprisingly, Honey (previous documented information indicates that Ghutti was the most common (40.1%), followed by tea (30.2%). Only 113 (35.3%) children received colostrum and only 43(13.4%) were fed exclusively on their mother's milk. Conclusion: Early onset and exclusive breastfeeding, colostrum and pre-lactation feeding are not being applied to the desired level; We want to promote it through maternity institutions by providing the mother with appropriate counselling during prenatal visits, educating health professionals and the environment. Key words: colostrum, Pre lacteal feed and exclusive breast feeding (EBF).
Iron deficiency anemia is the most prevalent anemia type and is identified by the use of blood tests for iron levels. In iron deficiency anemia, reactive thrombocytosis is a common complication. The study's primary goal is to determine if there is a relationship between platelet and iron parameters in patients with iron deficient anemia. Place and Duration: This cross-sectional research was done among patients with iron deficiency anemia in the Department of Medicine and Pathology, Sharif Medical College, Lahore for one-year duration from January 2021 to December 2021. Method: This Observational research was conducted in the Department of Medicine and Pathology order to collect information. The platelet and iron parameters of 70 iron deficiency anemia patients were determined using blood samples taken from the patients. The data was analyzed with the help of SPSS version 20. Results: Patients with iron deficiency anemia were found to have thrombocytosis in 58 (82.9 percent) of the cases. When serum iron, percentage saturation, and platelet distribution were taken into consideration (all p0.001), platelet count was shown to be adversely connected to these variables, but a positive association was found between plateletcrit and platelet count (all p<0.05). There was a negative link between serum iron and plateletcrit (p<0.001) and PDW (p<0.05), but only a positive relationship was found with TIBC, mean platelet volume (p<0.05), and platelet (all p<0.05). There was a significant negative relationship between platelet count and mean platelet volume (p<0.001). Platelet and mean platelet volume correlated positively (p<0.05), while plateletcrit and mean platelet volume correlated negatively (p<0.05). Neither a correlation nor a non-correlation between iron parameters and mean platelet volume were discovered (p>0.05). Conclusion: When it comes to patients with iron deficient anemia, thrombocytosis is more prevalent than thrombocytopenia. The most critical factors impacting platelet count are serum iron and percentage saturation. Keywords: Hemoglobin, thrombocytosis and iron deficiency anemia.
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