This paper presents a novel position-based routing protocol for vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) to enhance traffic safety and traffic organization and facilitate driving through a smart transportation system. The protocol is referred to as the traffic flow-oriented routing (TFOR) protocol for VANETs. It considers a real-time urban scenario with multi-lane and bi-directional roads. It chooses junction optimally considering vehicular traffic flows to accomplish robust routing paths and thereby forwarding the data packets. The new junction selection mechanism and routing between the junctions is based on two-hop neighbor information, which increases packet-delivery ratio and decreases end-to-end delay. We designed, implemented, and compared TFOR against existing routing protocols of VANETs (greedy-perimeter stateless routing (GPSR), geographic source routing (GSR), and enhanced greedy traffic-aware routing (E-GyTAR)). Simulation outcomes in urban scenarios show that TFOR minimizes average end-to-end delay and routing overhead by on average 15.3% and 19.5%, respectively, compared to GPSR. It reduces routing overhead up to 17% compared to GSR. TFOR maximizes packet-delivery ratio on an average of 17.5%, 10.7%, and 7.2% compared to GPSR, GSR, and E-GyTAR, respectively.

Aim: To study the comparative hepatoprotective effect of Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) and Neem (Azadirachta indica) leaf extract in acetaminophen (Paracetamol) induced liver toxicity. Methods: About 60 mixed population of rats (male/female) of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley species were randomly selected for the proposed study and are segregated into four equal groups. Every group contains 15 animal subjects. Group A was the control group given normal diet. In Group B, the rats were treated with a single dose of 2gm / kg body weight paracetamol, orally. Simultaneously, Group C were given an oral Neem extract of 500mg/kg body weight for 2 weeks days in combination with single dose of Paracetamol, while Group D were provided with 6.7ml/Kg/body weight Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) for 15 days. Data was analyzed using SPSS Version 20.0 with level of significance being kept at p-value ≤0.05. Results: The mean values of ALT were 23.1, 100.5, 29.85, and 31.09 U/L in Group A, B, C, and D respectively. While, the mean values of AST were 25.6 U/L (Group A), 41 U/L (Group B), 19.3 U/L (Group C), and 15.2 U/L (Group D). The ALP showed maximum response indicated by the mean values of 221 U/L, 444 U/L, 241 U/L, and 243 U/L in Group A, B, C, and D respectively. Group B suggested the paracetamol induced liver toxicity indicated by the increase in hepatic DMEs right after the acetaminophen induction. Conclusion: Azadirachta Indica and Virgin Coconut Oil displayed hepatoprotective effects on the Wistar and Sprague-Dawley rats that were subjected to Paracetamol. Keywords: hepatic, Drug Metabolizing enzymes, Acetaminophen, Virgin coconut oil, Neem extract, Paracetamol, Wistar

Objectives: To investigate the histological changes in gastric mucosa of livercirrhosis patients. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Department ofAnatomy and Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, Isra University Hospital (June to December2012). Subjects and Methods: 85 diagnosed cases of liver cirrhosis were selected accordingto inclusion and exclusion criteria. Specimen of 2 mm thickness was taken by punch biopsyfrom gastric body and antrum by endoscope. Tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, 3-5 μsections were stained with H & E for microscopy. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21.0.Results: Age (mean ±SD) was noted as 47±11.5 years. Of 85, 56 (65.8%) were male and29 (34.1%) female. Frequency of mild, moderate, severe and no gastropathy were notedin 52.94%, 34.12%, 4.71%, and 8.24% respectively. 9.4% of cases show capillary dilationand edematous lamina propria. Conclusion: Microscopy shows gastropathy in majority ofspecimens. Thick gastric mucosa, increased gland size and mucosa capillary dilation wasnoted.

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ABSTRACT… Objectives:To investigate the histological changes in gastric mucosa of liver cirrhosis patients. Study design: Cross sectional study. Place and Duration: Department of Anatomy and Medicine, Gastroenterology unit, Isra University Hospital (June to December 2012). Subjects and Methods: 85 diagnosed cases of liver cirrhosis were selected according to inclusion and exclusion criteria. Specimen of 2 mm thickness was taken by punch biopsy from gastric body and antrum by endoscope. Tissues were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, 3-5 µ sections were stained with H & E for microscopy. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 21.0. Results: Age (mean ±SD) was noted as 47±11.5 years. Of 85, 56 (65.8%) were male and 29 (34.1%) female. Frequency of mild, moderate, severe and no gastropathy were noted in 52.94%, 34.12%, 4.71%, and 8.24% respectively. 9.4% of cases show capillary dilation and edematous lamina propria. Conclusion: Microscopy shows gastropathy in majority of specimens. Thick gastric mucosa, increased gland size and mucosa capillary dilation was noted. Key words:Liver Cirrhosis, Portal Gastropathy, Histology, Isra University.

Objective: To analyze modulating effect of Curcuma longa on Pancreatic Islet β-cell function and insulin resistance in alloxan induced diabetic rat model. Study Design: Experimental study. Setting: Department of Anatomy, Pharmacology and Pathology, SRMCH, T. Adam. Period: February 2019 to January 2020. Material & Methods: One hundred adult male rats were selected according to criteria and grouped A to E. Group A and B was negative and positive control rats, and C –E were diabetic experimental rats. Alloxan (120 mg/Kg body weight) was injected intraperitoneally (i.p) to induce diabetes mellitus. Curcuma longa was used in doses of 200, 300 and 500 mg/d for 28 days. Body weight, blood glucose, HbA1c, insulin and C-peptide were estimated. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and β- cell function (HOMA-β) were calculated by formulae. Data was analyzed on SPSS package ver. 21.0 (IBM, incorporation, USA) (p≤ 0.05). Results: Twenty eight days therapy of Curcuma longa extract ameliorates blood glucose, A1C, serum Insulin levels and C-peptide levels. Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was found improved and β- cell function (HOMA-β) was augmented in in Curcuma longa treated experimental rats (P=0.0001). Conclusion: Administration of Curcuma longa positively modulates the Islet β-cell function and insulin resistance in alloxan induced diabetic rats.

Aim: To study the comparative effect of Acetaminophen induced liver toxicity with aqueous extract of Azadirachta Indica (Neem) and vitamin E on the basis of liver Histopathology. Methods: Sixty Wistar Rats of both sexes were split into four groups. Each group contained 15 animals. The control group was group A, Group B was treated orally with single dose of Paracetamol 2 mg / kg by weight, Group C was administrated orally with aqueous Neem extract 500 mg/kg +2 mg/Kg by weight oral Paracetamol, and Group D was given orally paracetamol+Neem extract+Vitamin E with 100mg/Kg/body weight for 15 days. Rats from all groups were decapitated, the liver was sliced, and liver tissues were taken for histological examination. Tissue samples were fixed in 10% formaldehyde, embedding in paraffin followed by Hematoxylin and Eosin dye (H&E) and observed under 400x magnification with a digital microscope. Results: On Histopathological examination of the rat`s liver in we found that the control group had a normal appearance, colour, and uniform surface without any necrosis. Group B showed severe necrosis and haemorrhagic patches. In comparison, Group C revealed normal appearance, colour, and smooth surface with no necrotic alterations. Livers from the group D looked virtually normal in terms of colour, undersurfaces, and organ weight. However, hepatoprotective effects were observed in the Group C and D. Therefore, we can conclude that Azadirachta indica and Vitamin E could serve as a good medication for defence against liver injury. Conclusion: Our findings showed thatextract of Azadirachta Indica and Vitamin E exhibited hepatoprotective effects on the Wistar rats that were subjected to Acetaminophen. Key words: Azadirachta Indica leaf extract, Vitamin E, hepatoprotective Paracetamol, Wistar rats.