Background: Although malnutrition risk is well documented in elderly care institutions, few studies have been conducted to address concerns regarding community-dwelling elderly people. This study has been aimed to describe the nutritional status and its related socioeconomic and geriatric factors in community-dwelling elders with malnutrition. Method: For this study, a randomized sampling among people aged 60 has been done (n = 326). Information on nutrition status (full MNA) and health information, like cognitive status (MMSE), daily functional status (ADL and IADL scales) and frailty was obtained. Multiple logistic regression analyses have been carried out, in order to identify the association of demographical and clinical factors with malnutrition. Results: 28.1% of the participants suffered from poor nutrition. In the binary analysis, low MNA scores were associated with increasing age, female gender, lower education level, financial dependence, solitary life, poor selfrated health, multiple physical disabilities and chronic disease, polypharmacy, smoking, functional and cognitive decrease and frailty. In the final model of the multivariate analysis, living alone (OR:1.249,CI:1.105-2.620), multiple physical disabilities (OR:2.183,CI:1.246 ± 3..250) and chronic disease (OR: 2.148,CI:1.167-2.879) were independently associated with malnutrition. Also financial independency (OR:0.625,CI:0.233-0.938), functional ability on ADL (OR: 0.536,CI:0.327-0.976) and IADL (OR:0.319,CI:0.194-0.856), normal cognitive (OR:0.456,CI:0.293-0.934) and no frailty (OR:0.253,CI:0.117-0.729) independently were inversely associated with malnutrition. The model was adjusted for all socio-demographic and health variables that were significantly related in the previous models. Conclusions: Our results indicated a strong correlation between malnutrition and health status. Identifying predictive factors can potentially improve prevention and management strategies used for malnutrition in elderly.

The health-promoting behaviors form typically during adolescence and youth. This study was conducted to determine the status of the health-promoting behaviors in the students of Babol University of Medical Sciences and its predictors. This cross-sectional study was done on 350 students from April 2016 to July 2016. The applied questionnaires were health-promoting lifestyle profile II, general self-efficacy scale, and sociodemographic variables. Data were analyzed using the SPSS software by descriptive tests, one-way analysis of variance, and multivariable linear regression. The mean total health-promoting lifestyle profile II score was 126.79 ± 19.28. In the subscales, the participants scored the highest in interpersonal relations (24.62 ± 4.59) and the lowest in physical activity (16.53 ± 4.17). Analyses of the data showed that there was a significant association among some subscales of health-promoting behaviors and gender, family size, living in dormitory and also showed that self-efficacy remained as significant factor in relation to all subscales of health-promoting behaviors.

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Abstract.The interconnection between aging and metabolic syndrome (MetS) and their effect on oxidative stress (OxS) status lacks adequate information. Additionally, the agerelated changes of antioxidant defenses and OxS in senior women with MetS in comparison to healthy senior women are not yet established. We analyzed the correlation between oxidative defense status and OxS with MetS components. Through further examination of MetS and aging, we aimed to determine their independent effects on OxS and oxidative defense status. This community-based cross-sectional study was conducted in the rural area of Babol, Iran. A total of 75 women of ≥60 years of age with MetS along with 89 women with similar conditions without the MetS, serving as the control group, were studied. Blood glucose, lipid profile, malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) were determined. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression, ANOVA and independent t-tests. MDA and TAC levels independently showed a significant correlation with triglyceride (TG), waist circumference, fasting blood glucose and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C). As suggested by the standardized B (0.810, -0.783, P<0.001; -0.052, P<0.001, 0.047, P<0.01), TG followed by HDL-C were the most strongly correlated factors with MDA and TAC. Furthermore, MetS and age were independent risk factors for antioxidant activity reduction and OxS. However, MetS had a much higher predictive power than age (standardized B 0.573 for MetS and 0.376 for age, P<0.001). Aging and MetS, both lead to OxS, but the impact of MetS on this disorder was far greater than the effect of age. However, their cumulative effects can lead to a worsening of the situation.Therefore, early diagnosis and treatment of MetS, especially in the elderly can prevent any adverse impact of MetS.

BackgroundGestational diabetes mellitus is one of the most common complications of pregnancy. Physical activity is associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus. A recent meta-analysis study suggested that more research is needed to investigate the type, duration and intensity of physical activity that can help to reduce the risk of gestational diabetes mellitus.ObjectivesThe present study aimed to understand the association between physical activity and gestational diabetes mellitus through comparing the type and intensity of physical activity performed by pregnant females with gestational diabetes and healthy pregnant females in the first 20 weeks of their pregnancy.Patients and MethodsIn the current case-control study, 100 pregnant females with gestational diabetes mellitus as the case group and 100 pregnant females as the non-diabetic control group were recruited. The age range of the participants was 18 - 40 years with the gestation of 20 - 28 weeks. To diagnose gestational diabetes mellitus using the criteria introduced by carpenter and coustan females with abnormal glucose challenge test (> 140 mg/dL) were asked to perform the three-hour 100 g oral glucose tolerance test. The details of physical activity were collected by a modified version of the pregnancy physical activity questionnaire. Anthropometric and relevant data were recorded for all of the participants. Data were analyzed by SPSS version 21. Risk estimates were obtained by logistic regression and adjusted for confounders.ResultsFemales who had low total physical activity according to the pregnancy physical activity questionnaire during early pregnancy were at a significantly higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (OR = 4.12, 95% CI (2.28 - 7.43), P = 0.001) compared to the ones who reported higher levels of physical activity. Moreover, after adjusting for age, body mass index (BMI), gravidity and a family history of diabetes, females with low physical activity in the domain of transportation activity during 20 weeks of pregnancy were at a significantly higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus. The statistical findings indicate that females with the low intensity of sedentary, light and moderate physical activity are at a higher risk of developing gestational diabetes mellitus (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.21-4.43, P = 0.010, OR 6.26; 95% CI 2.95 - 13.30, P = 0.001 and OR 6.73; 95% CI 3.15 - 14.38, P = 0.001) compared to females with a higher intensity of sedentary, light and moderate physical activity.ConclusionsThe amount and intensity of physical activity during pregnancy is associated with a lower risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. As a result, the pregnant Iranian females have to be encouraged to do regular daily physical activity during pregnancy, if there is no specific contraindication to it.

Health-promoting behaviors are one of the main determinative components of health in the prevention of many diseases. This cross-sectional study aimed to determine health-promoting behaviors and their relationship to sociodemographic variables on 330 women of reproductive age admitted to the selected primary health-care centers in Qom city (one of the biggest cities in Iran) from March 2016 to July 2016. Data were collected using the health-promoting lifestyle profile II (HPLP-II) questionnaire and the sociodemographic characteristics and also were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance, with post hoc (if necessary), and multivariable linear regression. The total HPLP-II mean score of women was 136.64 ± 22.37. The highest score in the HPLP-II subscales of women was found for interpersonal relations subscale (26.43 ± 4.21) and the lowest score for physical activity subscale (14.66 ± 4.62). The educational level and income had significant association with some subscales ( p < .05).

Background There are many studies on the health effects of soy, only a few describe the effects of the simultaneous use of two types of soy on multiple components of metabolic syndrome (MetS). The present study was designed to determine the effects of roasted soy-nut and textured soy protein (TSP) intake on clinical and metabolic status of older women with MetS borderline parameters. Method This randomized, single-blind, controlled clinical trial included 75 women ≥ 60 years old with a diagnosis of MetS based on ATP III criteria. The participants were randomly allocated into three groups of 25 people; soy-nut, TSP and control groups for 12 week. Fasting blood samples were taken at the beginning and end of the trial to compare the metabolic responses. All participants provided three dietary records and physical activity records during the intervention. We used the Kolmogorov–Smirnov, ANOVA, ANCOVA, paired-t test, and the Generalized Linear Model (GLM) repeated measures analysis. Results Dietary intake and physical activity of the participants in two groups were not significantly different. After 12 weeks of intervention the participants who received soy-nut had a significant decrease in total cholesterol (TC) (p < 0.001), low density lipoprotein, very low density lipoprotein, apolipoprotein B100, fasting blood glucose, insulin (p < 0.05), HOMA-IR, malondialdehyde (MDA) (p < 0.01) level. Morever, a significant increase in total antioxidant capacity (TAC) (p < 0.01) level compared with the control group. At the same time, the TSP brought significant decrease only in TC, insulin, MDA (p < 0.05) level and a significant increase in total TAC (p < 0.05) level. We did not find any significant effect in intervention groups, on apolipoprotein AI, triglyceride (TG), high density lipoprotein (HDL-C), TG/HDL, C-reactive protein and fibrinogen levels after intervention. Conclusion Short-term intakes of roasted soy-nut and TSP have shown to improve the lipid profiles, markers of glucose intolerance and oxidative stress; although the roasted soy-nut was more effective than TSP. Therefore, a moderate daily intake of roasted soy-nut as snacks or TSP as a meal complement by individuals with borderline parameters of MetS can be a safe and a practical modality to avoid the progression of the disease as well as to limit the side effects of drug intake. Trial registration MUBABOL.REC.1388.1 Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13098-019-0441-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.

BackgroundAlthough there are various methods for painless delivery such as using entonox gas, most of the people are unfamiliar or concerned about it yet.ObjectivesThe purpose of this study was to assess maternal expectations and experience of labor analgesia with nitrous oxide.Patients and MethodsIn a clinical trial study, 98 pregnant women in active phase of delivery were studied randomly in two groups (intervention group = 49, control group = 49) after obtaining written consent. Efficacy, experience satisfaction, and also expectation of pregnant women about entonox gas in two groups were compared, likewise in intervention group before and after using entonox gas.ResultsMost of the pregnant women receiving entonox gas had less labor pain (91.8%), and were satisfied with it (98%). The severity of pain in the most of entonox user was moderate level (46.94%), while for the control group it was severe (55.10%) which was significant, 40.82% of the mother in entonox group had a severe pain and 10.20% had a very severe pain, whereas in the control group (55.10%) of the mother had a severe pain and 26.53% of the had very severe pain (P = 0.004). efficacy of labor pain was in moderate level in most cases. 49% of pregnant women receiving gas described their experience as a good and excellent. 80.9% indicated that they will request the mentioned painless method in the future. The amount of suffering from gas side effects was mild in most patients of intervention group (63%). Expectations of the majority of pregnant women in intervention group (before receiving gas) and control group for painless delivery were weak (65.3%, 40.9%). The percentage of positive expectations had increased after receiving entonox gas (P = 0.01). There was a difference between the expectations of intervention group receiving entonox gas and control group (P = 0.001). Positive expectations were more in intervention group than the control group. Most differences of expectations in intervention group before and after receiving the gas were about higher efficacy (P = 0.001), more satisfaction (P = 0.001), fewer complications (P = 0.001), information about gas as painless delivery method (P = 0.02), and also previous experience of intolerable labor pain (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThis study has shown that using entonox gas caused less labor pain, favorable expectations and experiences and also more maternal satisfaction.