Maternal Expectations and Experiences of Labor Analgesia With Nitrous Oxide

Pasha, Hajar; Basirat, Zahra; Hajahmadi, Mahmood; Bakhtiari, Afsaneh; Faramarzi, Mahbobeh; Salmalian, Hajar

doi:10.5812/ircmj.3470

Cited by 23 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 25 publications

(25 reference statements)

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“…Pasha et al showed that the use of 50% nitrous oxide caused less labor pain, favorable expectations and experiences, and also greater maternal satisfaction compared with a control group that did not receive gas (20). …”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Use of Enthonox With Pethidine for Pain Relief in Primigravid Women During the Active Phase of Labor

et al. 2016

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BackgroundThe use of pain-relieving drugs during labor is now part of standard care in many countries throughout the world. Each method of pain relief has its own risks and benefits, variations in effectiveness, and availability and acceptability.ObjectivesThis study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of intramuscular pethidine as an analgesic during labor by comparing it to inhaled 50% nitrous oxide (Entonox).MethodsIn this clinical trial study, 100 women who expected to have a natural childbirth were observed. The inclusion criteria for this study were the commencement of spontaneous labor pain along with appropriate maternal and fetal indications for vaginal delivery. By using random numbers, each subject was randomly allocated to one of two groups, with one group using Entonox and the other receiving an intramuscular injection of 0.5 mg/kg of pethidine for pain relief. The intensity of labor pain experienced by the subjects and the outcomes of the deliveries were collected with questionnaires.ResultsThe average pain scores in the Entonox and pethidine groups were 3.94 ± 1.4 and 5.6 ± 1.1, respectively, 30 minutes after intervention (P = 0.001), but there was not a significant difference in the severity of the pain (5.06 ± 1.4 and 4.7 ± 1.1 for the Entonox and pethidine groups, respectively) between the subjects in each group 60 minutes after the intervention (P = 0.592). No significant differences were seen in the duration and interval of uterine contractions, maternal complications, Apgar scores, and the duration of the first and second stage of labor between the two studied groups (P > 0.05). An analysis of the pooled risk differences showed that none of the side effects investigated were significantly different between the two groups except for mouth dryness, which was significantly higher in nitrous oxide users (P = 0.044).ConclusionsInhaled nitrous oxide seems to give better pain relief in the short term compared to a single dose of pethidine. Entonox, which is more convenient to administer than an intramuscular injection of pethidine, is also regarded as safe both for mothers and neonates.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Use of Enthonox With Pethidine for Pain Relief in Primigravid Women During the Active Phase of Labor

et al. 2016

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“…A study by Agah et al showed that Entonex gas has no negative effects on fetuses and mothers [24] . Also, the results of Pasha et al showed that lavender is safe for mother and fetus [17] . The results of these studies are consistent with the present study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pasha et al in a study showed that the most maternal complications due to Entonex gas use, 65% were related to oral dryness. Also a review study showed that mouth dryness, drowsiness, confusion, nausea, vomiting, and headache were inevitable effects of Entonex gas [17,23] . The results of these studies are consistent with the present study.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A study by Donder et al on 200 pregnant women found that Entonex alone can reduce the severity of labor pain [22] . Also, a study by Pasha et al on 98 pregnant women showed that Entonex gas can reduce the intensity of labor pain at all stages of labor [17] . After inhalation of Entonex, nitrous oxide gas quickly enters the bloodstream (about 15 seconds after inhalation) and, because of its very low solubility in the blood, it is placed in the brain and the spinal cord with a suitable concentration of effective particle pressure and causes analgesia, calmness, lack of attention to the environment and up to a certain level, euphoria possibly through the weakening of the brain centers and the increase of endorphins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Today, in developed countries, complementary medicine is used to reduce the pain of normal labor, replacing the delivery of cesarean section. This issue is very rare in Iran [17] . The prevalence of the use of complementary medicine in pregnancy is reported as between 20% and 60% worldwide.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

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Comparison of the effect of entonox gas and aromatherapy with lavender on the severity of labor pain

Sharghi¹,

Ronak²,

Nouri³

et al. 2019

HAR

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Introduction: Pain is one of the main and unavoidable stages of labor. The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of entonex gas and aromatherapy with lavender on the severity of labor pain. Methods:The present study was a double-blind randomized controlled trial with random allocation on 60 nuliparos women in Sanandaj-Kurdistan Be'sat hospital. The intervention was performed in two groups of 30 in active phase of labor. In the Entonox group, Entonux gas was smelled by the mother in contractions. In the lavender group, aromatherapy with lavender was performed in contractions. The severity of pain was measured in dilatations of 4-5, 6-7, 8-9, and 10 cm before and after the intervention with vas instrument. Results:The severity of pain before and after intervention was significantly different in each group (p<0.05). The severity of pain was significant between the two groups in dilatations of 8-9 and 10 cm. After intervention, the mean pain severity in the Entonox group was 6.8 in dilatations of 8-9 cm and 8.3 in the lavender group (p<0.05). Also it was 7.7 in dilatation of 10 cm in Entonox group and 8.9 in lavender group (p<0.05). Entonux gas significantly increased maternal complications including mouth dryness, dizziness, nausea, and headache (p<0.05). Conclusion:The present study showed that Entonox gas and aromatherapy with lavender both can reduce the severity of labor pain. But the effect of Entonux gas is greater in reducing labor pain than lavender.

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European Society of Anaesthesiology Task Force on Nitrous Oxide: a narrative review of its role in clinical practice

Buhre

Disma

Hendrickx

et al. 2019

British Journal of Anaesthesia

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Nitrous oxide (N 2 O) is one of the oldest drugs still in use in medicine. Despite its superior pharmacokinetic properties, controversy remains over its continued use in clinical practice, reflecting in part significant improvements in the pharmacology of other anaesthetic agents and developing awareness of its shortcomings. This narrative review describes current knowledge regarding the clinical use of N 2 O based on a systematic and critical analysis of the available scientific literature. The pharmacological properties of N 2 O are reviewed in detail along with current evidence for the indications and contraindications of this drug in specific settings, both in perioperative care and in procedural sedation. Novel potential applications for N 2 O for the prevention or treatment of chronic pain and depression are also discussed. In view of the available evidence, we recommend that the supply of N 2 O in hospitals be maintained while encouraging its economic delivery using modern low flow delivery systems. Future research into its potential novel applications in prevention or treatment of chronic conditions should be pursued to better identify its role place in the developing era of precision medicine.

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Maternal Expectations and Experiences of Labor Analgesia With Nitrous Oxide

Cited by 23 publications

References 25 publications

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Use of Enthonox With Pethidine for Pain Relief in Primigravid Women During the Active Phase of Labor

A Randomized Controlled Trial Comparing Use of Enthonox With Pethidine for Pain Relief in Primigravid Women During the Active Phase of Labor

Comparison of the effect of entonox gas and aromatherapy with lavender on the severity of labor pain

European Society of Anaesthesiology Task Force on Nitrous Oxide: a narrative review of its role in clinical practice

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