SummaryWireless networks are now very essential part for modern ubiquitous communication systems. The design of efficient routing and scheduling techniques for such networks have gained importance to ensure reliable communication. Most of the currently proposed geographic routing protocols are designed for 2D spatial distribution of user nodes, although in many practical scenarios user nodes may be deployed in 3D space also. In this paper, we propose 3D routing protocols for multihop wireless networks that may be implemented in two different ways depending on how the routing paths are computed. When the routing paths to different user nodes from the base station in the wireless network are computed by the base station, we call it centralized protocol (3DMA‐CS). A distributed routing (3DMA‐DS) protocol is implemented when respective routing path of each user node to the base station is computed by the user node. In both of these protocols, the user (base station) selects the relay node to forward packets in the direction of destination, from the set of its neighbours, which makes minimum angle with the reference line drawn from user (base station) to the base station (user), within its transmission range. The proposed protocols are free from looping problem and can solve the void node problem (VNP) of multihop wireless networks. Performance analysis of the proposed protocol is shown by calculating end‐to‐end throughput, average path length, end‐to‐end delay, and energy consumption of each routing path through extensive simulation under different network densities and transmission ranges.
Multi-hop wireless networks are designed to support long-distance, cost-effective communication with high data transfer rate. Maximizing network throughput is one of the critical goals while developing a multi-hop wireless network. Efficient routing and scheduling techniques enhance throughput and reduce delay, which improves the overall network performance. This paper proposes a transmission group-based routing and scheduling (𝑇𝐺𝑅𝑆) technique implemented in centralized and distributed ways. The main aim of this study is to enhance the performance of 3D multi-hop wireless networks in terms of throughput and delay. Users establish a routing path to the base station based on the minimum angle-based IM selection process. In 𝑇𝐺𝑅𝑆, multiple groups are formed for all the IM links of the routing path; links are included in the same group if they do not interfere mutually. All the links of a group are transmitted concurrently, which maximizes throughput and minimizes delay. The proposed 𝑇𝐺𝑅𝑆 technique dramatically improves network performance by increasing concurrent transmission and throughput. The effectiveness of the proposed techniques is demonstrated through extensive simulation.
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