A simple void node and loop‐free three‐dimensional routing protocol for multi‐hop wireless networks

Abstract

SummaryWireless networks are now very essential part for modern ubiquitous communication systems. The design of efficient routing and scheduling techniques for such networks have gained importance to ensure reliable communication. Most of the currently proposed geographic routing protocols are designed for 2D spatial distribution of user nodes, although in many practical scenarios user nodes may be deployed in 3D space also. In this paper, we propose 3D routing protocols for multihop wireless networks that may be implemented in two different ways depending on how the routing paths are computed. When the routing paths to different user nodes from the base station in the wireless network are computed by the base station, we call it centralized protocol (3DMA‐CS). A distributed routing (3DMA‐DS) protocol is implemented when respective routing path of each user node to the base station is computed by the user node. In both of these protocols, the user (base station) selects the relay node to forward packets in the direction of destination, from the set of its neighbours, which makes minimum angle with the reference line drawn from user (base station) to the base station (user), within its transmission range. The proposed protocols are free from looping problem and can solve the void node problem (VNP) of multihop wireless networks. Performance analysis of the proposed protocol is shown by calculating end‐to‐end throughput, average path length, end‐to‐end delay, and energy consumption of each routing path through extensive simulation under different network densities and transmission ranges.

Projection‐based throughput enhancement for 3D geographic routing technique in multi‐hop wireless networks

“…3,4 The local minimum problem in 3D position-based geographical routings has been studied by many researchers in the last few years. Begum and Hussain 5 have proposed a void node and loop management technique for 3D multi-hop wireless networks. Many position-based geographic routing protocols [6][7][8][9][10][11][12] have been proposed by the researchers in the last few decades, most of those were designed for two-dimensional spaces.…”

“… In the proposed work, routing paths are calculated in 3D space. Among all the nodes within the transmission range of the source/user, the node that forms a minimum angle with the reference line (RL) drawn from itself to the base station/destination is selected as an intermediate relay node to reach the base station. We have proposed projection methods to project the routing paths obtained in 3D space to the RL and various planes. The proposed projection technique projects the IM nodes of the obtained route in 3D space on the main RL drawn from sender/user to destination/base station. The proposed projection method projects the route obtained in 3D space on three 2D planes , , and a particular 3D plane. The proposed projection methods simplify the operational difficulties with the routes in 3D space and enhance the network performance in terms of throughput, delay and energy expenditure. The performance of proposed technique are evaluated through extensive simulation then compared with some popular existing protocols 2,5,34 It is found that the performance of proposed projection technique outperforms the existing routing protocols. …”