Background After the World Health Organization (WHO) announcing about global pandemic of COVID-19 in March 2020 and relocation of health care resources for controlling this infection, cancer screening programs especially colorectal cancer (CRC) have been suspended in many countries. According to GLOBOCAN 2020 data, CRC is the third prevalent and second deadliest cancer in the world. So, early detection through screening is essential to reduce the mortality associated with this cancer. The present study was designed to investigate the impact of COVID-19 pandemic on colorectal cancer screening. Methods and Materials A comprehensive search performed on June 2021 in various databases, including Medline, Web of Science, and Scopus. Keywords such as “Early Detection,” “Cancer,” “Cancer Screening,” “Cancer Screening Tests,” “Coronavirus Disease-19,” “COVID 19,” “Coronavirus Disease,” “SARS-CoV-2 Infection,” “SARS-CoV-2,” “2019-nCoV,” “coronavirus, 2019 Novel,” “SARS COV 2 Virus,” “Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2,” “COVID-19,” “COVID-19, Coronavirus Disease 19,” “SARS Coronavirus 2”,“Colorectal neoplasm” and “Colorectal Cancer“ were used individually or in combination to search. All articles were entered into Endnote X7 software that remove duplicates. Then, studies were first selected by title and then by abstract and at the end full texts were investigated. Results Of the 850 identified studies, 25 were identified as eligible. The results of studies show that in general, colorectal cancer screening has decreased from 28 to 100% in different countries and at different times after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. During this period, only 2 to 2.5% of hospitals and screening centers with 100% capacity continued to operate, and more than 77% of them limited their activities to less than 10% of their normal capacity. Also, completion of colonoscopies requiring examination showed a decrease of 65.7%, surveillance colonoscopy showed a decrease of 44.6 to 79%, prescription colonoscopy decreased 60 to 81%, and referrals to colonoscopy showed a 43% decline. However, emergency colonoscopy shows a 2 to 9% increase. The use of the Fecal immunochemical test (FIT) test is also generally declining but is increasing in areas used as a colonoscopy alternative. Conclusions Considering that the reduction in colorectal cancer screening following COVID-19 pandemic is due to the restrictions imposed for the high prevalence of COVID-19 disease and the lack of referrals due to the fear of developing COVID-19 infection; compensating for the decline and preventing the continuation of this decreasing trend requires serious and effective interventions to maintain the capacity of screening services during the COVID-19 crisis, increase the capacity of screening centers during the lifting of restrictions and reduce fear in the public.
BackgroundFemale breast cancer (FBC) is the most common type of cancer and is associated with a considerable disease burden as well as significant mortality rates. The present study aimed to provide an update on the incidence, mortality, and burden of FBC in 2019, based on the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) Study.MaterialsThe incidence, death rate, disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), the age-standardized rates (ASR) of FBC in 204 countries, and a variety of classifications, were retrieved from the Global Burden of Disease Study. Data on tobacco use, alcohol consumption, and drug use were collected. The incidence, mortality, and burden of FBC were registered and compared between regions. Associations between age-standardized incidence rates and age-standardized mortality rates of FBC with smoking, drinking, and drug use were determined.ResultsThe highest incidence of FBC was observed in countries with a high socioeconomic status such as those of the European continent. Despite the lower incidence of FBC in countries with a low socio-demographic index (SDI), mortality rates secondary to FBC are higher in these countries than in high-income countries. The highest age-standardized mortality rate has been reported in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMRO), followed by the African Region (AFRO). The highest age-standardized rates of DALY and YLL per 100,000 population in 2019 were observed in lower-income countries, while the highest ASR of YLD per 100,000 population was reported in high-income countries.ConclusionThe present GBD-based study provides a comprehensive review of the incidence, mortality, and burden of FBC in 2019. The incidence of FBC is higher in regions with a higher socioeconomic status, whereas mortality rates and DALYs are higher in poorly developed regions. We suggest better screening measures and early detection programs for the latter regions.
Background Ovarian cancer has the highest mortality rate among gynecological malignancies and is associated with poor prognosis. Since the accurate assessment of the global burden along with the trend of cancers contributes to the development of policies, this study aimed to explain the incidence, mortality, and burden of ovarian cancer using the global burden of disease (GBD) 2019 study. Methods Epidemiological data have been collected from the study of the GBD 2019. Data were extracted globally for 204 countries and groups based on a socio‐demographic index (SDI), WHO regions, continents, World Bank regions, and 22 GBD regions. Results In 2019, a total of 294,422 new cases of ovarian cancer were reported. The highest age‐standardized incidence rate (ASIR) was reported in areas with higher SDI, World high‐income countries, continental Europe, and then America. In GBD regions, the highest age‐standardized incidence is in Central Europe. In 2019, a total of 198,412 deaths due to ovarian cancer were reported. The highest ASR death is related to countries with high SDI and the World Bank high‐income countries. In 2019, adjusted years of life with disabilities (DALYs) due to ovarian cancer were reported to be 5,359,737, of which 5,205,660 were related to lost years of life (YLLs), and 154,077 were related to years of life with disabilities (YLDs). Conclusions In 2019, the highest age‐standardized incidence of ovarian cancer, ASR death, and DALYs ASR belong to the high SDI countries. Designing interventions based on risk factors as well as providing preventive approaches to reduce the risk of this cancer, improving the treatment of ovarian cancer, and using appropriate and invasive treatments are recommended.
Objective: The likelihood of timely treatment for cervical cancer increases with timely detection of abnormal cervical cells. Automated methods of detecting abnormal cervical cells were established because manual identification requires skilled pathologists and is time consuming and prone to error. The purpose of this systematic review is to evaluate the diagnostic performance of artificial intelligence (AI) technologies for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions. Materials and Methods: Comprehensive searches were performed on three databases: Medline, Web of Science Core Collection (Indexes = SCI-EXPANDED, SSCI, A & HCI Timespan) and Scopus to find papers published until July 2022. Articles that applied any AI technique for the prediction, screening, and diagnosis of cervical cancer were included in the review. No time restriction was applied. Articles were searched, screened, incorporated, and analyzed in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-analyses guidelines. Results: The primary search yielded 2538 articles. After screening and evaluation of eligibility, 117 studies were incorporated in the review. AI techniques were found to play a significant role in screening systems for pre-cancerous and cancerous cervical lesions. The accuracy of the algorithms in predicting cervical cancer varied from 70% to 100%. AI techniques make a distinction between cancerous and normal Pap smears with 80–100% accuracy. AI is expected to serve as a practical tool for doctors in making accurate clinical diagnoses. The reported sensitivity and specificity of AI in colposcopy for the detection of CIN2+ were 71.9–98.22% and 51.8–96.2%, respectively. Conclusion: The present review highlights the acceptable performance of AI systems in the prediction, screening, or detection of cervical cancer and pre-cancerous lesions, especially when faced with a paucity of specialized centers or medical resources. In combination with human evaluation, AI could serve as a helpful tool in the interpretation of cervical smears or images.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.