Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to esophageal complications, including esophagitis, ulceration, stricture, hemorrhage, and Barrett’s esophagus. However, the spectrum of problems associated with GERD has expanded to extra esophageal sites. Chronic cough and asthma are two clinical problems caused or triggered by GERD. Spirometric changes among GERD associated cough and asthma still a topic of ongoing research.Objectives: This study was designated to evaluate the spirometric picture of GERD associated cough and asthma subjects in relation to different clinical aspects of the disease including body mass index (BMI), disease duration, presence or absence of symptoms as well as endoscopic findings.Subjects and methods: Ninety adult subjects (90) of either sex with a mean age of 40.5±12 year are involved in this study. Fifty five (55) GERD associated cough and asthma subjects served as test group while the remaining (35) served as control group. Each subject underwent spirometry and gastric endoscopy in Pulmonary Function and Endoscopy Units respectively at Ibn-Sina Teaching Hospital /Mosul.Results: Spirometric data of the control group were within the normal predicted range (80-120%) thus excluding the possibility of any asymptomatic obstructive airway disease. Whereas, the measured spirometric parameters (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ratio (FEV1%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced mid expiratory flow(FMF) are significantly reduced in the test group with a clear restrictive pattern among the overweight subjects. In addition, neither the presence nor duration of symptoms affected the spirometric picture of the GERD associated cough and asthma subjects, unlike those with positive endoscopy findings who revealed significant obstructive pattern when compared to those with negative endoscopy findings.Conclusions: GERD associated cough and asthma subjects with positive endoscopy findings showed obstructive pattern of spirometry irrelevant to the presence or absence of symptoms or duration of the disease.

Background: Gastroesophageal reflux disease can lead to esophageal complications, including esophagitis, ulceration, stricture, hemorrhage, and Barrett's esophagus. However, the spectrum of problems associated with GERD has expanded to extra esophageal sites. Chronic cough and asthma are two clinical problems caused or triggered by GERD. Spirometric changes among GERD associated cough and asthma still a topic of ongoing research. Objectives: This study was designated to evaluate the spirometric picture of GERD associated cough and asthma subjects in relation to different clinical aspects of the disease including body mass index (BMI), disease duration, presence or absence of symptoms as well as endoscopic findings. Subjects and methods: Ninety adult subjects (90) of either sex with a mean age of 40.5±12 year are involved in this study. Fifty five (55) GERD associated cough and asthma subjects served as test group while the remaining (35) served as control group. Each subject underwent spirometry and gastric endoscopy in Pulmonary Function and Endoscopy Units respectively at Ibn-Sina Teaching Hospital /Mosul. Results: Spirometric data of the control group were within the normal predicted range (80-120%) thus excluding the possibility of any asymptomatic obstructive airway disease. Whereas, the measured spirometric parameters (forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 second ratio (FEV1%), peak expiratory flow (PEF), and forced mid expiratory flow(FMF) are significantly reduced in the test group with a clear restrictive pattern among the overweight subjects. In addition, neither the presence nor duration of symptoms affected the spirometric picture of the GERD associated cough and asthma subjects, unlike those with positive endoscopy findings who revealed significant obstructive pattern when compared to those with negative endoscopy findings. Conclusions: GERD associated cough and asthma subjects with positive endoscopy findings showed obstructive pattern of spirometry irrelevant to the presence or absence of symptoms or duration of the disease.

Objective:To measure the effects of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus on the various spirometric pulmonary function tests Methods: This study involved 70 diabetic patients, 25 type 1 and 45 type 2 diabetes mellitus, and 45 control group. Type 1 diabetic patients included 14 males and 11 females, their ages ranging from 17-63 years with their mean was 47.12, with SD12.83. Type 2 diabetic patients included 26 males and 19 females; their ages ranging from 19-63 years with their mean 46.67, with SD 9.50. The control group involved 24 males and 21 females, their ages ranging from 13-68 years with their mean 38.78, with SD13.3. The study was conducted in Ibn Sena Teaching Results: There were statistically significant differences between the control group and type 1 diabetes mellitus during the measurements of FVC%, FEV1/FVC% and MMFR%, with statistically significant reductions in their values when compared to controls. Furthermore, type 2 diabetes mellitus has significant effects on FVC%, FEV1 and FEV1/FVC% when compared with the controls, with statistically significant differences from the control group. There were no much differences between them apart from the FVC% which favors type 1 diabetes mellitus over type 2 diabetes mellitus with highly significant P-value. Conclusion: The present study clearly indicates that both type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus adversely affects the various pulmonary function tests, and the results are in accord with other previous studies.

Between 1 January 2021 and 1 July 2021, 120 blood samples from acute myocardial infarction (AMI) patients—60 as controls and 60 patients—of both sexes who were accepted to the cardiac surgery unit at AL- Salam teaching hospital, the intensive cardiac care unit, and outpatient clinics in Mosul City/Iraq, were taken. In the presented research, the ejection fraction regarding patients with AMI was evaluated by echocardiography, and the blood-liver enzyme levels (ALP and AST \ ALT ratio) were examined in those patients. The findings indicate that patients with AMI in the age range of 35 to 45 years have a (52.41) % ejection fraction (EF) rate, which is closer to (51.344%) than it is in samples from healthy controls. In addition to that, findings indicate that patients in an age range of 46 to 56 years have heart failure with a mid-range EF (HFmrEF), with a (48.13%) percentage, whereas this heart failure type in healthy controls has been preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF) with (53.368 %). In the case of the comparison of the AST/ALT ratio and EF across all of the age groups that have been tested, the results suggest a significant level (P ≤ 0.050) relation between the ALP enzyme and EF for the patients within the (35-45 years) age group additionally, as there has been a positive and weak linear connection (r = 0.10650) and a nominal p-value (p = 0.47240) at a threshold of probability ≤ P 0.050, the link and correlation between the AST/ALT ratio and cardiac EF have been investigated. Keywords: ALP enzyme, AMI patients, Ejection Fraction, AST \ ALT ratio.

Background: The dysfunction in the genes that regulate cortisol production may lead to an increase or overproduction of the hormone and thus affect the functioning of the heart, which may lead to Myocardial infarction. Aim: The aim of our study was to find a correlation between increasing the DNA copy numbers that encode cortisol biosynthesis enzymes and Myocardial infarction disease. Methods: Between the first of January 2021 and the first of July 2021, 120 blood samples from the patients with the acute myocardial infarction (AMI)—60 samples as controls and 60 patients—of both sexes who were admitted to the Unit of the Cardiac Surgery at AL- Salam General Teaching Hospital, the Intensive Cardiac Care Unit, and outpatient health centers in Mousul, Nineveh province/Iraq, were taken. The CYP11A, CYP17A, and CYP11B1 genes implicated in cortisol biosynthesis were found in this work using qRT-PCR. Results: The results of this investigation showed a considerable difference between the age groups of AMI patients and healthy control group in means of amplicon copy counts of CYP11A, CYP17A, and CYP11B1 coding genes. The gene coding for the cytochrome CYP17A enzyme was shown to have a significantly higher number of amplicons in all age groups of the patients, but particularly in the second group (46–56 years) in comparison to healthy control group Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrated for the first time that there were significant correlation between three steroid hormone biosynthesis genes and Acute Myocardial Infarction (AMI) disease by utilizing RT-PCR Technique which revealed a significant increase in the amplicon copy numbers of CYP17 ,CYP11A ,CYP11B genes in all patient's age groups compared with healthy control group. Keywords: AMI patients, Cortisol biosynthesis, CYP17A , CYP11A and CYP11B1 genes.