Attia et al ... been used for sexing the individual as bones of the body are last to perish after death, next to enamel of teeth (Deshmukh and Deversh, 2006). Radiography is used in forensic pathology for the identification of humans especially in cases where the body is decomposed, fragmented, or INTRODUCTlON Identification of skeletal and decomposing human remains is one of the most difficult skills in forensic medicine. Sex determination is also an important problem in the identification. Skeletal remains have GENDER IDENTIFICATION FROM MAXILLARY SINUS USING MULTI-DETECTOR COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

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Graphical abstract Saudi poison control centers received 20,513 poisoning consultations calls in the year 2020.

Prostate cancer is one of the most common cancers and the second cause of cancer-related deaths among men. Metals are recognized as chemical carcinogens where chronic exposures to such metals are implicated in the development of cancer, including prostate cancer. This in vitro study demonstrates the relative death sensitivity of prostatic (RWPE-1) cells to arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) as environmental pollutants through its apoptotic effects and the effect of these chemicals on prostate-specific antigen (PSA) gene expression as a marker for their carcinogecity. RWPE-1 cells were divided into three groups that were treated with As, Cd, and Cr in three replicates, at three different concentrations for each metal for 48 h. A control group consisted of untreated RWPE1 cells was used. Apoptosis was assessed using comet assay and caspase 3 gene expression; meanwhile, PSA gene expression was evaluated by semiqualitative real-time PCR (RT-PCR). One of the novel findings of this study is that arsenic and cadmium at low concentrations decreased apoptosis of RWPE-1 cells in a concentration-dependent manner while chromium induced significant concentration-dependent increase in apoptosis. Yet, at the highest concentrations, apoptosis was relatively more induced by all chemicals. Arsenic was the most chemical inhibiting apoptosis in RWPE-1 cells at low concentration. While at the moderate and highest concentrations, cadmium was the most inhibiting chemical of RWPE-1 cells' apoptosis. No distinct differences between treated and untreated cells for PSA gene expression were observed. It can be concluded that As and Cd, at low concentrations, can reduce apoptosis of prostatic cells in a concentration-dependent manner while chromium induced it; however, all metal salts used in this study did not induce PSA gene expression.

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The lower oesophageal sphincter (LES) is the main barrier against gastro-oesophageal reflux. Various anaesthetic drugs have been reported to affect the LES pressure. In this study, the effects of cisapride, atropine, suxamethonium, vecuronium and pancuronium on the LES pressure of six mongrel dogs anaesthetized with propofol and nitrous oxide were investigated. By means of eight-channel pressure profilometry the LES pressure was measured in consecutive sessions before and after administration of each drug. Compared to basal values, atropine and suxamethonium significantly decreased LES pressure, pressure vector volume and sphincter length. Cisapride significantly increased all sphincter parameters, vecuronium significantly increased LES pressure and pressure vector volume while pancuronium had no significant effects. A significant decrease of the LES pressure and pressure vector volume was observed when nitrous oxide was omitted from the ventilation mixture. Three-dimensional imaging showed an asymmetric shape of the LES pressure which resulted from radial differences of the LES pressure. The results from this study show that both the anaesthetic animal model and the eight-channel pressure profilometry are useful procedures in studying the effects on sphincter function of different drugs during anaesthesia.

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Background Chloroxylenol (para-chloro-meta-xylenol, PCMX) is claimed to be highly harmful both to humans and the environment. Toxic effects of PCMX on testicular functions are scarcely discussed in the literature. Aim of Study To study testicular toxic effects of PCMX on male Sprague-Dawley rats. Materials and Methods Forty animals were randomly distributed into three groups: negative control (G I), vehicle group (G II) and PCMX group (G III). PCMX group was subdivided into three subgroups: GIIIa: received PCMX 100 mg/kg, GIIIb: received PCMX 200 mg/kg and G IIIc: received PCMX 500 mg/kg. Hormonal assay included assessment of serum testosterone and estradiol levels. Histopathological examination of testicular tissue, analysis of cellular viability, necrosis and apoptosis in testicular tissue by flow cytometry, analysis of cellular DNA content and phases of cell cycle analysis by flow cytometry were also performed. Results Rats in the groups exposed to PCMX (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) had significantly lower estradiol and testosterone levels in comparison to control groups (G I and GII). Histopathological examination of testicular tissue of PCMX-exposed rats showed irregular crossly sectioned seminiferous tubules with their lumina containing scanty spermatids and spermatozoa. G IIIc animals showed eosinophilic proteinaceous material and vacuolated and necrotic interstitial cells of Leydig. Rats in PCMX-exposed groups (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) showed significantly lower testicular tissue viability in comparison to control groups (G I and G II). Rats in PCMX-exposed groups (G IIIa, G IIIb and G IIIc) showed significantly lower percentage of cells in the G0/G1 phase in comparison to control groups (G I and G II). Conclusion Rats exposed to PCMX had significant reduction in testosterone and estradiol levels with marked histopathological alterations affecting testicular tissues. These effects are dose-dependent.