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Objectives: Thyroid hormones regulate all metabolic activities; therefore, it is not amazing that hepatic; renal dysfunctions and lipid alterations are commonly detected in patients with thyroid disorders. This study estimated some biochemical changes in post pubertal hyperthyroid and hypothyroid mice and their impacts on liver and kidney functions and also on changes in the lipid pattern. In addition, the ameliorating role of Costus root extract supplementation was examined. Material and Methods:  A total of 60 male Swiss albino mice were randomly divided into 5 groups; control, control with costus extract, hypo- and hyper-thyroids post-treated with costus root extract. Results: Present results revealed that, a significant increase in serum thyrotropin (TSH), alanine transaminase (ALT) and aspartate transaminase (AST), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), creatinine, urea, potassium, chloride, cholesterol and triglycerides levels in hypothyroid mice compared to control. On the other hand; a significant decrease in serumthyroxine (T4), tri‐iodothyronine (T3), albumin, total protein and calcium ions levels in hypothyroid mice compared to control. In contrast to hypothyroidism, a significant increase in serum T3, ALT, AST, ALP, creatinine, urea, sodium, potassium, chloride and total proteins levels in hyperthyroid mice compared to control. On the other hand; a significant decrease in serum TSH, T4, albumin, calcium ions cholesterol and triglycerides levels in hyperthyroid mice compared to control. Treatments of mice with Costus root extract in both hypo- and hyperthyroidism modulates the measured serum parameters. Conclusions: Our results could propose that the extract of Costus roots can be used as an adjuvant co-therapy in hypo- and hyperthyroidism syndromes with propylthiouracil and Eltroxin replacement therapy, respectively

Ethephon (2‐chloroethyl phosphonic acid) is a plant growth promoter used to control the plant growth process by liberating ethylene and stimulating the production of endogenous ethylene. Medicinal plants are sources of novel drug discovery targets. Costus (Saussurea lappa) has been used as traditional Chinese medicine. The current study was conducted to examine the possible modifying effects of costus (S. lappa) root aqueous extract against kidney toxicity induced by ethephon in male rats. A total of 50 adult male rats were divided into five groups (first, control; second, costus; third, ethephon; fourth, posttreated ethephon with costus; fifth, ethephon self‐healing). There is a significant increase in the serum levels of urea, creatinine, potassium ions, chloride ions, kidney injury, DNA damage, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expressions in treated rats with ethephon when compared to the control group. In contrast, the treated rats with ethephon revealed a significant decrease in the levels of sodium ions and an insignificant decrease in the calcium ions. Saussurea lappa extract modified these alterations when compared to the control group. As a result, costus root extract significantly reduced rat kidney toxicity after ethephon administration. We recommend costus to be included in diet for its valuable effects, and also producers and consumers should become more aware about the toxic effects of ethephon.

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Methotrexate is effective for the treatment of a number of cancers including breast, lung, leukemia an osteosarcoma. This study was conducted to examine the possible modifying effects of Ginkgo biloba against hippocampal and brain toxicity induced by methotrexate in male albino rats. This could be fulfilled through the histological, immunohistochemically and biochemical analysis of hippocampal brain tissues. The experiments were performed on 36 male albino rats divided into 6 groups; the first and second groups were the control and Gingko groups respectively while the 3rd group methotrexate rat group; the 4th and the 5th groups were co-and post treated Methotrexate rat groups with Gingko respectively and the 6th group was methotrexate self-treated rat group. In brain homogenates Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels in methotrexate group showed a significant increase when compared with control group, in contrast methotrexatetreated group also exhibited a significant decrease in brain antioxidants machinery represented by catalase, reduced glutathione (GSH) and total proteins. The histological changes consisted of destruction of oligodendrocytes, sometimes complete over large areas, and sometimes relatively slight. All the rats which survived long enough after treatment showed severe astrocytosis. Rats' brains immunocytochemical results showed that GFAP-positive cells astrocytes increase after Exposure to (MTX) compared with the other groups.

Ethephon is a plant growth regulator that can release ethylene which could affect the plant growth and development processes. The current study was conducted to examine the possible toxic effects of Ethephon on both liver and kidneys of male rats. A total of 20 adult male rats were divided randomly into 2 groups, the first group is the control and the second group received Ethephon at a dose (200 mg/Kg body weight/day) for four weeks. At the end of the study Liver and kidney, tissues were taken and examined histopathologically. Intoxication of Ethephon to rats showed marked injury in the liver and kidney. Also, liver and kidney sections in rats intoxicated with Ethephon showed a strong positive affinity for PCNA expressions. Our results indicated that Ethephon could be harmful to the liver and kidney. Awareness must be raised for producers and consumers about the toxic effects of Ethephon.

Background: Zinc oxide nanoparticle (ZnO NPs) has been widely used in biomedical applications and cancer therapy and has been reported to induce a selective cytotoxic effect on cancer cell proliferation. Methods: Female Swiss Albino mice were inoculated subcutaneously with Ehrlich ascites carcinoma (EAC) cells. ZnO NPs or MTX were injected intraperitoneally. Tumor growth inhibition rate (TIR %), increase in life span (ILS%), zinc concentration, lipid peroxidation marker (MDA), glutathione (GSH) contents, and the activity of the antioxidant scavenger enzymes SOD and catalase CAT was examined. Also, DNA fragmentation and histopathological studies of all groups were carried out. Results: Treatment of tumor-bearing mice with ZnO NPs significantly increased (MST), (TIR %), (ILS %) and reduced tumor weight, compared to tumor-bearing controls. Additionally, Zn concentration and DNA fragmentation were significantly increased in tumor tissues. ZnO nanoparticles were also found to induce oxidative stress, evidenced by the generation of reactive oxygen species and depletion of the antioxidants in tumor tissues, with no changes in the liver. Our data demonstrate that ZnO NPs exert distinct effects via the killing of cancer cells. Conclusion: The study findings demonstrated that the ZnO NPs can induce selective cytotoxicity through reactive oxygen species generation and oxidative stress.

An important target organ for thyroid hormone activity is the testis and hypo or hyperthyroidism causes noticeable alterations in testicular function. This study aimed to investigate the therapeutic effect of Coriander Seeds Extract (CSE) against thyroidectomy induced toxicity, oxidative stress, injury, and proliferation in male testes rats. 40 male rats were equally divided into 4 groups [Gp1, control; Gp2, CSE; Gp3, thyroidectomies rats (Thy); Gp4, treated thyroidectomies rats with coriander (Thy + CSE)]. Current results revealed after 3 weeks of thyroidectomy; a significant (p<0.05) elevation in TSH, total T4, serum AST, and serum ALP, nonprogressive motility and immotile sperms, testicular MDA, testicular injury, and a significant (p<0.05) reduction in total T3, sexual hormones (testosterone, FSH, LH, and prolactin), sperms parameters (count, morphological index, vitality, total and progressive motility), testicular GSH, testicular SOD, and testicular GST and PCNA expressions when compared with control. Thy + CSE modulates most of changes parameters and recovery the testicular injury. We can conclude that; coriander seed extract could enhance the testis against thyroidectomy produced toxicity and oxidative stress in testes through its positive effects in scavenging free radicals.