Introduction: Diabetes mellitus, or hyperglycemia, is one of the risk factors for atherosclerosis, causing disruption of blood flow through arterial plaque formation and atherosclerosis. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the most common cause of chronic and end-stage renal disease (CKD and ESRD) worldwide and is a stronger predictor of mortality in people with diabetes. Although the concept that the kidney plays a key role in glucose balance is not new, it is only recently that this organ has been viewed as a potential therapeutic target. This study aimed to assess the potential effect of Syzygium polyanthum extract in DKD mice model. Methods: We administrated Syzygium polyanthum extract for 2-weeks to alloxan-induced diabetic mice. Results: Treatment with Syzygium polyanthum extract reduced blood glucose levels in dose dependency (2,62mg/20g/day, 5,24mg/20g/day, and 7,86mg/20g/day). Histological analysis showed that Syzygium polyanthum extract significantly (p<0,05) improved the kidney lesions in low dose, but did not show a significant effect on inflammatory cell at glomerulus. Conclusion: Syzygium polyanthum extract has potential to improve the kidney lesion in low dose and showed therapeutic potential in DKD treatment.
The Potential of Moringa oleifera Bioactive Compounds for Inhibiting Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 Interaction in SARS-Cov-2 Syndrome Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) disease (COVID-19) is a threat to human health. This infection is determined by the interaction of the spike S1 domain protein with angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in the epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, especially the lungs. ACE2 inhibition is an important target in controlling COVID-19. Flavonoids of medicinal plants, are known to interfere with ACE (ACE2 homologous). Therefore, this study aims to explore the ability of apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin from Moringa oleifera in interacting with the ACE2 using MOE 2008.10. The ligand molecules were prepared from PubChem database. The ACE2 protein was retrieved from Protein Data Bank (ID 1R4L) and analyzed for the active sites. Analysis of docking scores and hydrogen bonds of ACE2-ligand complex and active site showed that the affinity of flavonoids can be ranked as hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. The results provided computational information that apiin, epicatechin, and hesperetin have the potential to prevent COVID-19 infection. The prediction of activity spectra for substances (PASS) score showed the ligand displays antiviral activity. Infeksi severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) pada pandemi coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) menjadi ancaman dunia kesehatan saat ini. Infeksi SARS-CoV-2 ditentukan oleh interaksi protein spike envelope S1 domain dengan reseptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) yang diekspresikan pada sel epitel saluran pernafasan terutama paru-paru. Mekanisme penghambatan ACE2 menjadi target penting dalam pengendalian COVID-19. Senyawa bioaktif tanaman obat, seperti flavonoid diketahui mampu mengganggu fungsi banyak makromolekul termasuk ACE (homolog dengan ACE2). Penelitian ini bertujuan mengeksplorasi kemampuan senyawa apiin, epicatechin, dan hesperetin dari Moringa oleifera dalam berinteraksi dengan sisi aktif ACE2 menggunakan metode penambatan molekul. Studi dilakukan dengan preparasi struktur molekul ligan dari PubChem database dan diolah dengan MOE 2008.10. Selanjutnya, data protein ACE2 (Protein Data Bank ID 1R4L) dianalisis sisi aktifnya untuk mengetahui lokasi penambatan ligan senyawa. Analisis skor docking dan ikatan hydrogen komplek ligan dan sisi aktif ACE2 menunjukkan bahwa afinitas flavonoid dapat diperingkatkan sebagai afinitas hesperetin > epicatechin > apiin > C19H23Cl2N3O4. Ketiga ligan senyawa yang terkandung dalam M. oleifera secara in silico mampu mengikat sisi aktif ACE2, sehingga berpotensi mencegah infeksi COVID-19. Skor PASS (prediction of activity spectra for substances) menunjukkan aktivitas biologis ligan yang menyerupai antiviral.
Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are complications in people with diabetes mellitus (DM) in the form of wounds or tissue damage resulting in vascular insufficiency and or neuropathy that can develop into an infection.
Background: Oxidative stress results from the amplification mechanism of COPD, which leads to decreased lung function and the quality of life of the sufferers. Vitamin D has a function in reducing oxidative stress levels through several mechanisms, which can be revealed by analyzing several biomarkers to determine the role of vitamin D on lung function and the quality of life of stable COPD patients. Methods: The subjects included GOLD 2 and 3 stable COPD patients who had 25(OH)D levels of < 32 ng/ml and were receiving bronchodilator Indacaterol maleate therapy. The biomarkers examined included Nrf2, HDAC2, MDA, MMP-9, pulmonary function tests 6MWT, and QOL. The patients in the control and treatment groups were administered with vitamin D at a dose of 1,000 and 5,000 IU, respectively, for three months. Results: The administration of vitamin D to the patients in the control and treatment groups can significantly reduce oxidative stress, as evidenced by reduced MDA (p-value < 0.01) and MMP-9 levels (p-value < 0.01). Vitamin D affects exercise tolerance, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects the quality of life, as evidenced by 6MWT (p-value = 0.01). Vitamin D affects Nrf2 levels (p-value = 0.08) and HDAC2 (p-value = 0.01). Conclusion: The pathway analysis through the study of the Nrf2, HDAC2, MMP-9, and MDA levels does not prove that vitamin D can prevent decreased lung function and quality of life in patients with stable COPD.
Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) menjadi teknik yang diaplikasikan untuk mendeteksi dan menguji keberadaan materi genetik dari jamur patogen. Metode ini selanjutnya banyak dikembangkan karena memiliki sensitivitas yang tinggi dibanding dengan metode kultur dalam mendeteksi keberadaan jamur patogen. Untuk melakukan pengujian berbasis PCR yang sensitif, spesifik, dan andal, ketersediaan DNA murni serta protokol ekstraksi DNA yang mudah dilakukan sangat penting. Saat ini, protokol untuk ekstraksi DNA yang ada pada umumnya memerlukan kit khusus dan dengan tambahan enzim. Oleh karena itu, penelitian ini dilakukan untuk membandingkan kuantitas dan kualitas hasil isolasi DNA Aspergillus niger dengan tiga metode yang berbeda. Tahapan penelitian yang dilakukan meliputi kultur murni A. niger dan isolasi total DNA menggunakan tiga metode, yaitu protokol sesuai pada instruksi Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (P1), Modifikasi Wizard® Genomic DNA Purification Kit (P2) dan Monarch Genomic DNA Purification Kit NEB (P3). Hasil evaluasi isolasi DNA melalui spektrofotometer pada panjang gelombang A260/280 nm menujukkan rasio ~1.4, ~1.8, dan ~1.7 pada P1 dan P2, dan P3 berturut-turut. Kuantitas yang didapat berkisar antara 210 sampai 305 ng/µL. Hasil DNA total didapat selanjutnya digunakan untuk uji PCR fragmen DNA ribosom daerah ITS menggunakan primer ITS1 dan ITS4. Pengamatan elektroforosis hasil PCR menunjukkan semua sampel menghasilkan pita dengan panjang ~500 bp. Hasil isolasi DNA pada metode P1 tidak menunjukkan pita pada gel agarose, tetapi dapat terlihat pada produk PCR. Metode P2 dan P3 menunjukkan DNA yang memiliki kualitas dan kualitas yang baik. Metode P2 dan P3 menggunakan teknik penghancuran sel dengan nitrogen cair dan kombinasi penambahan proteinase K. Protokol yang didapatkan diharapkan memberikan informasi metode yang cepat dan baik dalam isolasi DNA total dari A. niger. Kata kunci: Aspergillus niger, Isolasi DNA, ITS1, ITS4
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