is an open access repository that collects the work of Arts et Métiers ParisTech researchers and makes it freely available over the web where possible. This article proposes a method based on wavelet transform and neural networks for relating pupillary behavior to psychological stress. The proposed method was tested by recording pupil diameter and electrodermal activity during a simulated driving task. Self-report measures were also collected. Participants performed a baseline run with the driving task only, followed by three stress runs where they were required to perform the driving task along with sound alerts, the presence of two human evaluators, and both. Self-reports and pupil diameter successfully indexed stress manipulation, and significant correlations were found between these measures. However, electrodermal activity did not vary accordingly. After training, the four-way parallel neural network classifier could guess whether a given unknown pupil diameter signal came from one of the four experimental trials with 79.2% precision. The present study shows that pupil diameter signal has good discriminating power for stress detection.

Sense of Agency (SoA) is the subject of growing attention. It corresponds to the capacity to claim authorship over an action, associate specific consequences with a specific action, and it has been claimed to be a key point in the development of consciousness. It can be measured using the Sense of Agency Scale (SoAS), originally proposed by Tapal et al. (2017) , who distinguished it into two-factor: Sense of Positive Agency (SoPA) and Sense of Negative Agency (SoNA). This study reports on the first adaptation of the SoAS into another language, French. For this French version of the Sense of Agency Scale (F-SoAS), we analyzed responses from a sample of 517 native French-speakers. Our results indicate that the scale has good psychometric properties. Factor analysis confirms the same two-factor model as Tapal et al. (2017) . However, some items were removed due to insufficient loadings with factors, leading to a short version of the scale (7-item). Furthermore, we observed gender differences that are consistent with findings in the literature. Specifically, women report higher SoNA scores and lower SoPA scores than men. We conclude by discussing possible uses and future directions for the scale.

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Cette étude utilise une méthode constructiviste d’apprentissage « Hooks and Shifts », auprès des étudiants. Elle est centrée sur la connaissance mathématique abstraite de moyenne et développée en réalité virtuelle. Elle étudie les associations entre « Shifts », situations d’abstraction, et sens de l’agentivité (SdA), caractéristique des apprenants. Une expérience a mesuré le gain d’apprentissage avec la méthode ainsi que le SdA global. Les résultats montrent un gain d’apprentissage significatif, mais des liens équivoques avec le SdA global. Un fort SdA local aurait pu interférer avec cet apprentissage actif. Nous avons donc reproduit l’expérience, mais par apprentissage passif et contrôlant les « Shifts ». Les résultats confirment un effet du SdA global sur l’apprentissage. Présentant des perspectives pratiques et théoriques, nous discutons également de pédagogie par la réalité virtuelle.