Empirical evidence that access to higher education is constrained by credit availability is limited and usually indirect. This paper provides direct evidence by comparing university enrollment rates of South African potential students, depending on whether they get a loan or not to cover their registration fees, in a context where such fees are high. We use matched individual data from both a credit institution (Eduloan) and the Department of Education. Based on a regression discontinuity design using the fact that loans are granted according to a credit score threshold, we can estimate the causal impact of loan obtainment.We find that the credit constraint is substantial, as it decreases the enrollment rate into higher education by more than 20 percentage points in a population of student loan applicants. * We are very grateful to Herman Steyn and all Eduloan staff for providing invaluable data and many precisions and advices regarding the South African higher education system and their work on the field; and to Jean Skene and Dr. Qhobela from the Department of Education (DoE) for providing us with the HEMIS data. Thanks to Jocelyn Vass, Fabian Arends, Mariette Visser from HSRC for very valuable discussions and advice, and to Geneviève Michaud for assistance with the data. Special thanks also to the AFD team in South Africa. We are grateful to Clément de Chaisemartin, Eric Maurin and seminar participants at
[fre] À partir de 1996, la politique de développement rural . française définit des zones de revitalisation rurale (ZRR): les entreprises de moins de 50 salariés peuvent y bénéficier . d’exonérations de charges à condition (entre autres) . d’augmenter leur effectif salarié. Ces zones regroupent des territoires ruraux en difficultés: faible densité démographique, . handicap structurel sur le plan socio-économique. . Les exonérations fiscales en ZRR sont de grande . ampleur (30 % du salaire brut pour des salaires compris entre 1 et 1,5 fois le Smic) et concernent potentiellement une part non négligeable des entreprises, puisque 10,7 % de celles de moins de 50 salariés y sont situées. Jusqu’à présent, l’effet du dispositif sur l’économie a essentiellement fait l’objet d’études descriptives. Seule l’analyse de Lofredi (2007) tente de mettre en évidence l’effet causal de la mise en place de la mesure sur l’emploi et la création d’établissements. Une particularité du dispositif permet de tester l’effet . causal des exonérations en ZRR, en s’appuyant sur une . méthode désormais largement utilisée pour étudier l’effet de politiques publiques. Il s’agit de remarquer que . les ZRR ont été définies à partir de critères précis de . densité et de démographie et que seules les entreprises . situées en ZRR sont éligibles aux exonérations de charges. . Une approche par «discontinuité de la régression» permet alors de dissocier l’effet de la mesure sur l’emploi et la création d’entreprises de l’impact des caractéristiques . propres aux ZRR. Les résultats tendent à confirmer les conclusions de . Lofredi (2007) à partir d’une méthode différente. Ce dispositif . d’exonération fiscale n’aurait d’effet significatif . ni sur l’emploi, ni sur la création d’établissements dans . les zones rurales défavorisées. L’existence de restrictions . fortes quant à l’accès aux exonérations pour les entreprises ainsi que la particularité du contexte rural dans lequel la mesure a été mise en place pourraient expliquer ces résultats. Les estimations apparaissent toutefois relativement imprécises et il convient par conséquent de rester prudent quant aux conclusions que l’on peut en tirer. [eng] In 1996, French rural development policy defined areas called “rural revitalisation zones” (Zones de Revitalisation Rurale: ZRRs), where businesses with fewer than 50 employees would be eligible for tax breaks . provided (among other things) that they increased their . workforce. ZRRs comprise rural areas suffering from . low population density and structural disadvantages . in socio-economic terms. Tax exemptions in ZRRs are . substantial (30% of gross wages for wages ranging between 1 and 1.5 times the minimum wage [ SMIC]). . They potentially concern a significant portion of total business firms, since they are home to 10.7% of units . with fewer than 50 employees. Until now, most studies of the system’s economic impact have been descriptive. Lofredi’s analysis (2007) is the only one that attempts to . identify the impact of the introduction of the tax breaks...
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UPGRADING THE ICT QUESTIONNAIRE ITEMS IN PISA 2021 Unclassified OECD EDUCATION WORKING PAPERS SERIES OECD Working Papers should not be reported as representing the official views of the OECD or of its member countries. The opinions expressed and arguments employed herein are those of the author(s). Working Papers describe preliminary results or research in progress by the author(s) and are published to stimulate discussion on a broad range of issues on which the OECD works. Comments on Working Papers are welcome, and may be sent to the Directorate for Education and Skills, OECD,
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